Prolonged continual consumption of oregano herb interferes with the action of steroid hormones and several drugs, and effects signaling across the brain–gut axis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadav S. Bajagai ◽  
Jason C. Steel ◽  
Anita Radovanovic ◽  
Dragana Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Human History ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Chicken Model ◽  
Herbs And Spices

Herbs and spices have been used throughout human history for their medicinal qualities. Our nutrigenomic study shows major benefits and consequences of prolonged oregano use in chicken model.

An Introduction to Cannabis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Human History ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Cannabinoid Compounds ◽  
Psychoactive Effects ◽  
The Brain

Although cannabis has been used throughout human history, the scientific investigation of its effects only began with the isolation of THC in the 1960’s. Once discovered it was another 20 years before the mechanism by which THC produces its psychoactive effects in the brain, the CB1 receptor, was discovered. Cannabis contains over 80 cannabinoid compounds, but THC is the only intoxicating compound. Recent preclinical research is being directed towards evaluating the therapeutic potential of other cannabinoid compounds found in cannabis, including CBD. The pharmacokinetics of THC, methods of administration, and dosing issues are explored in Chapter 1.

scholarly journals Did farming arise from a misapplication of social intelligence?

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1480) ◽  
pp. 705-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Mithen
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Human History ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

The origins of farming is the defining event of human history—the one turning point that has resulted in modern humans having a quite different type of lifestyle and cognition to all other animals and past types of humans. With the economic basis provided by farming, human individuals and societies have developed types of material culture that greatly augment powers of memory and computation, extending the human mental capacity far beyond that which the brain alone can provide. Archaeologists have long debated and discussed why people began living in settled communities and became dependent on cultivated plants and animals, which soon evolved into domesticated forms. One of the most intriguing explanations was proposed more than 20 years ago not by an archaeologist but by a psychologist: Nicholas Humphrey suggested that farming arose from the ‘misapplication of social intelligence’. I explore this idea in relation to recent discoveries and archaeological interpretations in the Near East, arguing that social intelligence has indeed played a key role in the origin of farming and hence the emergence of the modern world.

IN VITRO METABOLISM OF STEROID HORMONES BY CHICKEN BRAIN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Nakamura ◽  
Yuichi Tanabe
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
In Vitro Metabolism ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The brains of 14-month-old White Leghorn cocks were homogenized, fractionated by differential centrifugation, and used as enzymatic materials. When [4-14C]pregnenolone was incubated with the brain homogenate, the substrate was recovered without conversion. After incubation of [4-14C] progesterone with the brain homogenate, it was converted to 5α-pregnanedione and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one. When [4-14C]17α-hydroxyprogesterone was incubated with the brain homogenate, it was metabolized to androstenedione, 3α, 17α-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and 17α,20α-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. [4-14C] Androstenedione was metabolized to 5α-androstanedione, testosterone, androsterone, epiandrosterone and 5α-androstanediol; and [4-14C]testosterone was metabolized to androstenedione, 5β-dihydrotestosterone and 5β-androstanediol in the chicken brain. The enzymatic pattern in the brain of cocks was characterized by high activities of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Δ4-5β- and Δ5-5β-hydrogenase which acted on both C19- and C21-steroids, but was lacking in Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase associated with the Δ5a-Δ4isomerase, and 17α-hydroxylase.

scholarly journals Effect of Immunoactive Drugs on Postresuscitation Processes in the Brain and Steroid Hormones

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Zarzhetsky ◽  
V. V. Moroz ◽  
A. V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Functional neuroimaging as a direct probe of the effects of gonadal steroid hormones on the brain

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Gonadal Steroid Hormones ◽  
Gonadal Steroid ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

There is considerable evidence from animal studies dial gonadal steroid hormones modulate neuronal activity and affect behavior. In humans, however, the behavioral and cognitive evidence has not been conclusive, and, until recently, there have been few direct neurophysiological data. Functional brain imaging offers unique opportunities to characterize in humans the effects of gonadal steroid hormones on basic neurobiological parameters, such as neuronal metabolism and neurochemical systems, and to clarify the interactions between these hormones and cognition and mood regulation in health and disease. The most commonly used tools within the considerable armamentarium available for such research and the parameters of neural function that they can access are briefly reviewed here.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of the Microbiome on Neuroactive Steroid Levels in Germ-Free Animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12551
Author(s):  
Silvia Diviccaro ◽  
Valentina Caputi ◽  
Lucia Cioffi ◽  
Silvia Giatti ◽  
Joshua M. Lyte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Neuroactive Steroids ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Nervous Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Steroid hormones are essential biomolecules for human physiology as they modulate the endocrine system, nervous function and behaviour. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota is directly involved in the production and metabolism of steroid hormones in the periphery. However, the influence of the gut microbiota on levels of steroids acting and present in the brain (i.e., neuroactive steroids) is not fully understood. Therefore, using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we assessed the levels of several neuroactive steroids in various brain areas and the plasma of germ-free (GF) male mice and conventionally colonized controls. The data obtained indicate an increase in allopregnanolone levels associated with a decrease in those of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol (3α-diol) in the plasma of GF mice. Moreover, an increase of dihydroprogesterone and isoallopregnanolone in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex was also reported. Changes in dihydrotestosterone and 3α-diol levels were also observed in the hippocampus of GF mice. In addition, an increase in dehydroepiandrosterone was associated with a decrease in testosterone levels in the hypothalamus of GF mice. Our findings suggest that the absence of microbes affects the neuroactive steroids in the periphery and the brain, supporting the evidence of a microbiota-mediated modulation of neuroendocrine pathways involved in preserving host brain functioning.

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