A rational review on the effects of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers on appetite, food reward and metabolic/adiposity outcomes in adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic O'Connor ◽  
Michelle Pang ◽  
Gabriele Castelnuovo ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Ellen Blaak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Food Hedonics

The review focused on outcomes related to obesity an diabetes as affected by sweeteners and included the following keywords: Food Intake, Subjective Appetite, Food Hedonics/Reward, Body Weight, Energy and Glucose, Metabolism/Adiposity Markers.

scholarly journals Effects of sleeve gastrectomy and ileal transposition, alone and in combination, on food intake, body weight, gut hormones, and glucose metabolism in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (4) ◽  
pp. E507-E518 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nausheen ◽  
I. H. Shah ◽  
A. Pezeshki ◽  
D. L. Sigalet ◽  
P. K. Chelikani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Ileal Transposition ◽  
Gastric Restriction ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

Bariatric surgeries are hypothesized to produce weight loss and improve diabetes control by multiple mechanisms including gastric restriction and lower gut stimulation; the relative importance of these mechanisms remains poorly understood. We compared the effects of a typical foregut procedure, sleeve gastrectomy, (SG) with a primarily hindgut surgery, ileal transposition (IT), alone and together (SGIT), or sham manipulations, on food intake, body weight, gut hormones, glucose tolerance, and key markers of glucose homeostasis in peripheral tissues of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (450–550 g, n = 7–9/group). SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries produced transient reduction in food intake and weight gain; the effects of SG and IT on intake and body weight were nonadditive. SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries resulted in increased tissue expression and plasma concentrations of the lower gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY and decreased plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, insulin, and leptin concentrations. Despite transient effects on intake and weight gain, the SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries produced a significant improvement in glucose tolerance. In support of glycemic improvements, the protein abundance of key markers of glucose metabolism (e.g., GLUT4, PKA, IRS-1) in muscle and adipose tissue were increased, whereas the expression of key gluconeogenic enzyme in liver (G-6-Pase) were decreased following the surgeries. Therefore, our data suggest that enhanced lower gut stimulation following SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries leads to transient reduction in food intake and weight gain together with enhanced secretion of lower gut hormones and improved glucose clearance by peripheral tissues.

Biglycan reduces body weight by regulating food intake in mice and improves glucose metabolism through AMPK/AKT dual pathways in skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
InHyeok Chung ◽  
Shin Ae Kim ◽  
Seolsong Kim ◽  
Jung Ok Lee ◽  
Clara Yongjoo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism

scholarly journals Deficiency in Interferon-γ Results in Reduced Body Weight and Better Glucose Tolerance in Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (10) ◽  
pp. 3690-3699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Wong ◽  
Barbara C. Fam ◽  
Gitta R. Cempako ◽  
Gregory R. Steinberg ◽  
Ken Walder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Reduced Body

Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease caused by increased energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. Studies using animal models with deletion of inflammatory cytokines have produced conflicting results with some showing increased weight gain and others showing no effect or even reduced body weights. Clearly, more work is necessary to understand the role of cytokines on body weight control. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of interferon-γ deletion (IFNγ−/−) on body weight regulation and glucose metabolism. Male IFNγ−/− and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat chow diet, and body weight, food intake, and energy expenditure were monitored over 20 wk. At the end of the study, ip glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, basal glucose turnover, and hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamps were performed. Expression levels of arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide, and proopiomelanocortin mRNA as well as circulating leptin levels were also determined. IFNγ−/− mice had improved glucose tolerance with reduced rate of glucose appearance and increased insulin sensitivity due to greater suppression of endogenous glucose output, which was associated with decreased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity. In addition, we also observed reduced body weight associated with decreased food intake and increased physical activity. Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related peptide mRNA expression was reduced, whereas proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression was increased, as were plasma leptin levels. Global deletion of IFNγ in mice resulted in reduced body weight associated with negative energy balance, improved glucose tolerance, and hepatic insulin sensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that IFNγ plays a critical role in the regulation of body weight and glucose metabolism.

scholarly journals Ghrelin O-acyltransferase knockout mice show resistance to obesity when fed high-sucrose diet

2015 ◽  
Vol 228 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Kouno ◽  
Nobuteru Akiyama ◽  
Takahito Ito ◽  
Tomohiko Okuda ◽  
Isamu Nanchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Acylated Ghrelin ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Sucrose

Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone secreted from stomach. Since the discovery that acylation of the serine-3 residue by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is essential for exerting its functions, GOAT has been regarded as an therapeutic target for attenuating appetite, and thus for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. However, contrary to the expectations, GOAT-knockout (KO) mice have not shown meaningful body weight reduction, under high-fat diet. Here, in this study, we sought to determine whether GOAT has a role in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism with a focus on dietary sucrose, because macronutrient composition of diet is important for appetite regulation. We found that peripherally administered acylated-ghrelin, but not unacylated one, stimulated sucrose consumption in a two-bottle-drinking test. The role of acylated-ghrelin in sucrose preference was further supported by the finding that GOAT KO mice consumed less sucrose solution compared with WT littermates. Then, we investigated the effect of dietary composition of sucrose on food intake and body weight in GOAT KO and WT mice. As a result, when fed on high-fat diet, food intake and body weight were similar between GOAT KO and WT mice. However, when fed on high-fat, high-sucrose diet, GOAT KO mice showed significantly reduced food intake and marked resistance to obesity, leading to amelioration of glucose metabolism. These results suggest that blockade of acylated-ghrelin production offers therapeutic potential for obesity and metabolic disorders caused by overeating of palatable food.

scholarly journals Leptin Receptor Expressing Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Regulate Locomotion, and in The Ventral Tegmental Area Motivation and Feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronne A. J. de Vrind ◽  
Lisanne J. van ‘t Sant ◽  
Annemieke Rozeboom ◽  
Mieneke C. M. Luijendijk-Berg ◽  
Azar Omrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
Motivational Behavior ◽  
Lepr Expression

Leptin is an anorexigenic hormone, important in the regulation of body weight. Leptin plays a role in food reward, feeding, locomotion and anxiety. Leptin receptors (LepR) are expressed in many brain areas, including the midbrain. In most studies that target the midbrain, either all LepR neurons of the midbrain or those of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were targeted, but the role of substantia nigra (SN) LepR neurons has not been investigated. These studies have reported contradicting results regarding motivational behavior for food reward, feeding and locomotion. Since not all midbrain LepR mediated behaviors can be explained by LepR neurons in the VTA alone, we hypothesized that SN LepR neurons may provide further insight. We first characterized SN LepR and VTA LepR expression, which revealed LepR expression mainly on DA neurons. To further understand the role of midbrain LepR neurons in body weight regulation, we chemogenetically activated VTA LepR or SN LepR neurons in LepR-cre mice and tested for motivational behavior, feeding and locomotion. Activation of VTA LepR neurons in food restricted mice decreased motivation for food reward (p=0.032) and food intake (p=0.020), but not locomotion. In contrast, activation of SN LepR neurons in food restricted mice decreased locomotion (p=0.025), but not motivation for food reward or food intake. Our results provide evidence that VTA LepR and SN LepR neurons serve different functions, i.e. activation of VTA LepR neurons modulated motivation for food reward and feeding, while SN LepR neurons modulated locomotor activity.

scholarly journals The influence of novel GPR119 agonist on body weight, food intake and glucose metabolism in obesity rats provoked high-fat and -carbohydrate diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Nikolaevich Tiurenkov ◽  
Denis Vladimirovich Kurkin ◽  
Dmitry Aleksandrovich Bakulin ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Volotova ◽  
Mikhail Ayratovich Chafeev
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Gpr119 Agonist

The search for new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity remains an urgent problem. Drugs with influence on incretin system are widely used in the treatment of T2DM and obesity, since in addition to the hypoglycemic action of their inherent hypophagic effects. With the discovery of GPR119 receptor, there is the opportunity to pharmacological stimulation of endogenous secretion of incretins. Compound ZB-16 is active GPR119 agonist with IC50=7 nM. Its activation leads to increased secretion of the major incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), which are able to influence glucose metabolism and feeding behavior.Aims — to study the effect of GPR 119 receptor agonist compounds ZB-16 on blood glucose, body weight and food intake in rats with obesity.Material and methods.Male rats with initial weight 390—400 g were fed with high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. During the next four weeks the animals orally received ZB-16 (1 mg/kg) and metformin (400 mg/kg) and then we assessed the level of water and food consumption, blood glucose levels, and performed oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Results.Compound ZB-16 and metformin reduced fasting blood glucose levels and weight of experimental animals, while the control rats gained weight. GPR119 agonist is more pronounced than metformin reduced the area under the curve «glucose of concentration—time» during the OGTT.Conclusions.Novel GPR119 agonist — ZB-16 is comparable to metformin in hypoglycemic and anorexigenic effect in animals with obesity caused high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet.

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