scholarly journals Homogeneous nucleation of carbon dioxide in supersonic nozzles I: experiments and classical theories

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (34) ◽  
pp. 19282-19298
Author(s):  
Kayane K. Dingilian ◽  
Roope Halonen ◽  
Valtteri Tikkanen ◽  
Bernhard Reischl ◽  
Hanna Vehkamäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Supersonic Nozzles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering

Small angle X-ray scattering and pressure measurements yield quantitative homogeneous nucleation rates for CO2 near 80 K.

Using small angle x-ray scattering to measure the homogeneous nucleation rates of n-propanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol in supersonic nozzle expansions

2008 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 124302 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ghosh ◽  
Alexandra Manka ◽  
Reinhard Strey ◽  
Soenke Seifert ◽  
Randall E. Winans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Supersonic Nozzle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering

Aggregation of Amphiphilic Molecules in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Small Angle X-ray Scattering Study

Langmuir ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4241-4249 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Fulton ◽  
David M. Pfund ◽  
J. B. McClain ◽  
T. J. Romack ◽  
E. E. Maury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Amphiphilic Molecules ◽  
Scattering Study ◽  
Supercritical Carbon ◽  
Ray Scattering

Thermodynamic Nature of Monodisperse Polystyrene in Mixed Solvent of Cyclohexane and Antisolvent Carbon Dioxide Using Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (27) ◽  
pp. 10114-10118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Zhimin Liu ◽  
Buxing Han ◽  
Guanying Yang ◽  
Liping Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Monodisperse Polystyrene ◽  
Ray Scattering

The Morphology of Block Copolymer Micelles in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by Small-Angle Neutron and X-ray Scattering

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Londono ◽  
R. Dharmapurikar ◽  
H. D. Cochran ◽  
G. D. Wignall ◽  
J. B. McClain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Block Copolymer Micelles ◽  
Copolymer Micelles ◽  
Ray Scattering

Above its critical point, carbon dioxide forms a super-critical fluid, which promises to be an environmentally responsible replacement for the organic solvents traditionally used in polymerizations. Many lipophilic polymers such as polystyrene (PS) are insoluble in CO2, though polymerizations may be accomplished via the use of PS-fluoropolymer stabilizers, which act as emulsifying agents. Small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering have been used to show that these molecules form micelles with a CO2-phobic PS core and a CO2-philic fluoropolymer corona. When the PS block was fixed in length and the fluorinated corona block was varied, the number of block copolymer molecules per micelle (six to seven) remained constant. Thus, the coronal block molecular weight exerts negligible influence on the aggregation number, in accordance with the theoretical predictions of Halperin, Tirrell & Lodge [Adv. Polym. Sci. (1992), 100, 31–46]. These observations are relevant to understanding the mechanisms of micellization and solubilization in supercritical fluids.

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