Colloidal chemical bottom-up synthesis routes of pnictogen (As, Sb, Bi) nanostructures with tailored properties and applications: a summary of the state of the art and main insights

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanos Mourdikoudis ◽  
Zdenek Sofer
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
The State ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Group 15 ◽  
Synthesis Routes

Pnictogens are the chemical elements of the group 15 of the periodic table. Such materials have been receiving interest thanks to their semiconducting electronic properties, especially exhibited when possessing a...

scholarly journals Towards Explanatory Interactive Image Captioning Using Top-Down and Bottom-Up Features, Beam Search and Re-ranking

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-584
Author(s):  
Rajarshi Biswas ◽  
Michael Barz ◽  
Daniel Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Input Image ◽  
The State ◽  
Beam Search ◽  
Image Captioning ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Interactive Machine Learning ◽  
Joint Embedding ◽  
Bounding Boxes ◽  
High Level

AbstractImage captioning is a challenging multimodal task. Significant improvements could be obtained by deep learning. Yet, captions generated by humans are still considered better, which makes it an interesting application for interactive machine learning and explainable artificial intelligence methods. In this work, we aim at improving the performance and explainability of the state-of-the-art method Show, Attend and Tell by augmenting their attention mechanism using additional bottom-up features. We compute visual attention on the joint embedding space formed by the union of high-level features and the low-level features obtained from the object specific salient regions of the input image. We embed the content of bounding boxes from a pre-trained Mask R-CNN model. This delivers state-of-the-art performance, while it provides explanatory features. Further, we discuss how interactive model improvement can be realized through re-ranking caption candidates using beam search decoders and explanatory features. We show that interactive re-ranking of beam search candidates has the potential to outperform the state-of-the-art in image captioning.

scholarly journals On the occurrence of metallic character in the periodic table of the chemical elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2037) ◽  
pp. 20140477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Hensel ◽  
Daniel R. Slocombe ◽  
Peter P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Absolute Zero ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Universal Representation

The classification of a chemical element as either ‘metal’ or ‘non-metal’ continues to form the basis of an instantly recognizable, universal representation of the periodic table (Mendeleeff D. 1905 The principles of chemistry , vol. II, p. 23; Poliakoff M. & Tang S. 2015 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373 , 20140211). Here, we review major, pre-quantum-mechanical innovations (Goldhammer DA. 1913 Dispersion und Absorption des Lichtes ; Herzfeld KF. 1927 Phys. Rev. 29 , 701–705) that allow an understanding of the metallic or non-metallic status of the chemical elements under both ambient and extreme conditions. A special emphasis will be placed on recent experimental advances that investigate how the electronic properties of chemical elements vary with temperature and density, and how this invariably relates to a changing status of the chemical elements. Thus, the prototypical non-metals, hydrogen and helium, becomes metallic at high densities; and the acknowledged metals, mercury, rubidium and caesium, transform into their non-metallic forms at low elemental densities. This reflects the fundamental fact that, at temperatures above the absolute zero of temperature, there is therefore no clear dividing line between metals and non-metals. Our conventional demarcation of chemical elements as metals or non-metals within the periodic table is of course governed by our experience of the nature of the elements under ambient conditions. Examination of these other situations helps us to examine the exact divisions of the chemical elements into metals and non-metals (Mendeleeff D. 1905 The principles of chemistry , vol. II, p. 23).

8. Europeanization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja A. Börzel ◽  
Diana Panke
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Important Field ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the concept of Europeanization and why it has become prominent in research on the European Union and its member states. It first explains what Europeanization means before discussing the main approaches used in studying Europeanization. It then reviews the state of the art with particular reference to ‘top-down’ Europeanization (how the EU affects states) and illustrates the theoretical arguments with empirical examples. It also considers ‘bottom-up’ Europeanization (how states can influence the EU), offers some theoretical explanations for the empirical patterns observed, and provides an overview of research that explores the relationship between bottom-up and top-down Europeanization. Finally, it reflects on the future of Europeanization research and suggests that Europeanization will continue to be an important field of EU research for the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals Simple Pose: Rethinking and Improving a Bottom-up Approach for Multi-Person Pose Estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (07) ◽  
pp. 11354-11361
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Wen Su ◽  
Zengfu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pose Estimation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The State ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Average Precision ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Assignment Algorithm

We rethink a well-known bottom-up approach for multi-person pose estimation and propose an improved one. The improved approach surpasses the baseline significantly thanks to (1) an intuitional yet more sensible representation, which we refer to as body parts to encode the connection information between keypoints, (2) an improved stacked hourglass network with attention mechanisms, (3) a novel focal L2 loss which is dedicated to “hard” keypoint and keypoint association (body part) mining, and (4) a robust greedy keypoint assignment algorithm for grouping the detected keypoints into individual poses. Our approach not only works straightforwardly but also outperforms the baseline by about 15% in average precision and is comparable to the state of the art on the MS-COCO test-dev dataset. The code and pre-trained models are publicly available on our project page1.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

Hypothesis-Evidence Coordination: The State of the Art

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 826-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Amsel
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State

The State of the Art

1968 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 479-480
Author(s):  
LEWIS PETRINOVICH
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State

Needs Assessment: The State of the Art

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 426-428
Author(s):  
Anthony R. D'Augelli
Keyword(s):  
Needs Assessment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State

Biofeedback: The State of the Art

1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-140
Author(s):  
John A. Corson
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State
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