scholarly journals Modeling the electrical double layer to understand the reaction environment in a CO2 electrocatalytic system

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3380-3389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Bohra ◽  
Jehanzeb H. Chaudhry ◽  
Thomas Burdyny ◽  
Evgeny A. Pidko ◽  
Wilson A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Electrical Double Layer ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
System P ◽  
Solvent Polarization ◽  
Local Ph

Electrical double layer defines the reaction environment by influencing transport of CO2, local pH, electrical field strength and solvent polarization.

Electrohydrodynamic Printing via Spinneret with Conductive Probe

2013 ◽  
Vol 562-565 ◽  
pp. 1155-1160
Author(s):  
Yi Hong Lin ◽  
Guang Qi He ◽  
Hai Yan Liu ◽  
Jin Wei ◽  
Jian Yi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Direct Write ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Nano Structure ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Electrohydrodynamic Printing ◽  
The Stability

Stability jet ejection and precision deposition are the two keys for industrial application of electrohydrodynamic printing. In this paper, inserted conductive probe is utilized to gain stability jet, which would increase the electrical field strength, reduce the back flow, onset and sustaining voltage. Lower applied voltage would enhance the stability of electrospun jet, in which fine jet can be used to direct-write orderly Micro/Nano-structure. With the guidance and constrain of inserted probe, the oscillating angle range of electrohydrodynamic jet is decreased to 3°from 15°, and the width of printed structures is 21μm in average that is much narrower than that printed from spinneret without probe (74μm in average). Spinneret with tip provides a good way to improve the control level of electrohydrodynamic printing, which would accelerate the industrial application of electrohydrodynamic printed Micro/Nano structure.

Fully Developed Flow of Power-Law Fluid Through a Cylindrical Microfluidic Pipe: Pressure Drop and Electroviscous Effects

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram P. Bharti ◽  
Dalton J. E. Harvie ◽  
Malcolm R. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Fluid Behaviour

Pressure drop and electroviscous effects in the axisymmetric, steady, fully developed, pressure-driven flow of incompressible power-law fluids through a cylindrical microchannel at low Reynolds number (Re = 0.01) have been investigated. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation (describing the electrical potential) and the momentum equations in conjunction with electrical force and power-law fluid rheology have been solved numerically using the finite difference method. The pipe wall is considered to have uniform surface charge density (S = 4) and the liquid is assumed to be a symmetric electrolyte solution. In particular, the influence of the dimensionless inverse Debye length (K = 2, 20) and power-law flow behaviour index (n = 0.2, 1, 1.8) on the EDL potential, ion concentrations and charge density profiles, induced electrical field strength, velocity and viscosity profiles and pressure drop have been studied. As expected, the local EDL potential, local charge density and electrical field strength increases with decreasing K and/or increasing S. The velocity profiles cross-over away from the charged pipe wall with increasing K and/or decreasing n. The maximum velocity at the center of the pipe increases with increasing n and/or increasing S and/or decreasing K. The shear-thinning fluid viscosity is strongly dependent on K and S, whereas the shear-thickening viscosity is very weakly dependent on K and S. For fixed K, as the fluid behaviour changes from Newtonian (n = 1) to shear-thinning (n < 1), the induced electrical field strength increases and maximum velocity reduces. On the other hand, the change in fluid behaviour from Newtonian (n = 1) to shear-thickening (n > 1) decreases the electrical field strength and increases the maximum velocity. The non-Newtonian effects on maximum velocity and pressure drop are stronger in shear-thinning fluids at small K and large S, the shear-thickening fluids show opposite influence. Electroviscous effects enhance with decreasing K and/or increasing S. The electroviscous effects show complex dependence on the non-Newtonian tendency of the fluids. The shear-thickening (n > 1) fluids and/or smaller K show stronger influence on the pressure drop and thus, enhance the electroviscous effects than that in shear-thinning (n < 1) fluids and/or large K where EDL is very thin.

Comparative study on electro-microfiltration (EMF) of water containing different carbon nanotubes (CNTs)

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1247-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsiang Weng ◽  
Hsin-Chieh Wu ◽  
Kung-Cheh Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Electrical Voltage

Disposal and penetration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the environment have raised increasing concerns over the years. In this study, a laboratory scale electro-microfiltration (EMF) was used to treat water containing single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The goal was to examine and compare the performance during EMF of SWCNT and MWCNT. The results showed that the initial flux was increased as the applied electrical voltage increased. At an applied pressure of 49 kPa, the final flux was comparable to pure water flux when the applied electrical field strength was greater than the critical electrical field strength (Ecritical). In addition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiency increased as the electrical voltage increased. Due to high convective transport of organic matter toward the membrane at 98 kPa, a decrease in DOC removal efficiency with increasing electrical field strength was observed. Overall, the fluxes and DOC removal efficiencies for EMF of SWCNT and MWCNT were not significantly different with a 95% confidence.

scholarly journals Space/Interface Charge Analysis of the Multi-Layer Oil Gap and Oil Impregnated Pressboard Under the Electrical-Thermal Combined Stress

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runhao Zou ◽  
Jian Hao ◽  
Ruijin Liao
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Charge Density ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Insulation System ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Interface Charge ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Paper Insulation ◽  
Main Curve

In oil-paper insulation systems, it is easy to accumulate space/interface charge under a direct current (DC) electrical field. At present, direct measurement of space/interface charge for a thick multi-layer insulation system is not possible. It is necessary to study the multi-layer oil-paper insulation system via simulation method. In this paper, the space/interface charge simulation based on the bipolar charge transport model and a simulation parameter using FEM for the multi-layer oil–paper insulation system was proposed. The influence of electrical field strength, temperature, and the combined influence of the electrical field strength and temperature on the space/interface charge behaviors were analyzed, respectively. A new method for calculating the space/interface charge density and the total charge quantity of the multi-layer oil-paper insulation under the combined action of electrical field strength and temperature was presented. Results show that the interface charge density absolute value and the total charge quantity at steady state both increases with the electrical field strength and temperature in an exponential way, respectively. Besides, temperature has a more significant influence on the charge density and the total charge quantity than the electrical field strength. The electrical field strength–temperature shifting factor αT’ was introduced for the translation of the charge density curves or the total charge quantity curves to construct the charge density main curve or the total charge quantity main curve under the combined action of electrical field strength and temperature. The equations for calculating the charge density or the total charge quantity of the multi-layer oil-paper insulation was provided, which could be used to calculate the charge density or the total charge quantity under the combined action of electrical field strength and temperature.

scholarly journals The effect of electrical field strength on activation and development of cloned caprine embryos

2006 ◽  
Vol 92 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 310-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Shen ◽  
S.N. Lee ◽  
J.S. Wu ◽  
J.C. Huang ◽  
F.H. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SEMI-ACTIVE SUSPENSION WITH AN ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL DAMPER

1994 ◽  
Vol 08 (20n21) ◽  
pp. 2987-3003 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. WU ◽  
J. Y. WONG ◽  
M. STURK ◽  
D. L. RUSSELL
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Active Suspension ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Electrical Field Strength ◽  
Wide Range

Various control strategies for a semi-active suspension system with an electrorheological (ER) damper were studied using computer simulation techniques, as well as experimentally using a quarter-car model test facility. The control strategies examined included those primarily designed for enhancing ride comfort and for improving road holding. It was found that the strategies designed for enhancing ride comfort do not necessarily provide improved road holding characteristics, and vice versa. Consequently, various composite control strategies for improving both ride comfort and road holding were investigated. Experimental investigations showed that the damping characteristics of an electrorheological damper depend not only on the electrical field strength but also on the frequency of excitation. For the electrorheological fluid used in the study, the equivalent damping ratio decreases significantly with the increase in the frequency of excitation. This is primarily due to the fact that the shear ratio of the fluid used, which is the ratio of the shear strength at a given electrical field strength to that without applied electrical field, decreases with the increase in the shear rate. This behavior must be taken into account in the development of electrorheological dampers. Furthermore, at high frequencies, the duration of the applied voltage with any of the control strategies examined is very short. As a result, there is little difference in the measured performance of the semi-active suspension with different control strategies examined over a wide range of frequency. To achieve the potential of an ER fluid damper, improvements in the mechanical behavior of ER fluids are a key factor.

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