scholarly journals Toward high production of graphene flakes – a review on recent developments in their synthesis methods and scalability

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (31) ◽  
pp. 15010-15026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Izhar Kairi ◽  
Sebastian Dayou ◽  
Nurul Izni Kairi ◽  
Suriani Abu Bakar ◽  
Brigitte Vigolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Graphene Flakes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
High Production ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

Graphene flakes, one of the most popular form of graphene, can be used for many applications. Their synthesis is in the path to reach the large-scale production if the cost of production is further improved.

scholarly journals Biotechnological valorization of agro industrial and household wastes for lactic acid production

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Romo-Buchelly ◽  
María Rodríguez-Torres ◽  
Fernando Orozco-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Transformation ◽  
Transformation Potential ◽  
The Cost

Lactic acid (LA) is an organic compound used in several industries, such as food, textile, chemical, and pharmaceutical. The global interest  in  this  product  is  due  to  its  use  for  the  synthesis  of  numerous  chemical  compounds,  including  polylactic  acid,  a  biode-gradable thermoplastic and substitute for petroleum-derived plastics. An in-depth overview of the use of industrial and household wastes as inexpensive substrates in order to reduce the cost of LA production is presented. A review is carried out of the biotech-nological aspects that must be taken into account when using some wastes with high transformation potential to produce LA in a submerged  culture,  as  well  recommendations  for  their  use.  The  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  different  types  of  treatments used for the transformation of waste into suitable substrates are considered. Several methods of fermentation, as well as genetic strategies for increasing the production, are summarized and compared. It is expected that in a few years there will be many ad-vances in these areas that will allow greater large-scale production of LA using agroindustrial or household wastes, with potential positive economic and environmental impact in some regions of the planet.

Solar Concentrators

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Bekhruzi Talbi Shokhzoda ◽  
Mikhail Georgievich Tyagunov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

Looking at the history of solar energy and renewable energy in general, the authorities and scientists have been paying much attention to the recent period, due to the depletion of fossil energy resources and the growing difficulties in solving environmental problems. The development of solar energy has led to the use of solar energy concentrators. Concentrators are used to concentrate sunlight onto PV cells. This allows for a reduction in the cell area required for producing a given amount of power. The goal is to significantly reduce the cost of electricity generated by replacing expensive PV converter area with less expensive optical material. In this chapter, the authors talk about concentrators in solar energy, especially about modules based on holographic films. Holographic solar panels (HSP) in recent decades have appeared in large-scale production and been actively used in solar energy. Evaluations of other types of existing concentrators are presented.

scholarly journals Insect Cecropins, Antimicrobial Peptides with Potential Therapeutic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Brady ◽  
Alessandro Grapputo ◽  
Ottavia Romoli ◽  
Federica Sandrelli
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
The Cost

The alarming escalation of infectious diseases resistant to conventional antibiotics requires urgent global actions, including the development of new therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent potential alternatives in the treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections. Here, we focus on Cecropins (Cecs), a group of naturally occurring AMPs in insects, and on synthetic Cec-analogs. We describe their action mechanisms and antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria and other pathogens. We report several data suggesting that Cec and Cec-analog peptides are promising antibacterial therapeutic candidates, including their low toxicity against mammalian cells, and anti-inflammatory activity. We highlight limitations linked to the use of peptides as therapeutics and discuss methods overcoming these constraints, particularly regarding the introduction of nanotechnologies. New formulations based on natural Cecs would allow the development of drugs active against Gram-negative bacteria, and those based on Cec-analogs would give rise to therapeutics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Cecs and Cec-analogs might be also employed to coat biomaterials for medical devices as an approach to prevent biomaterial-associated infections. The cost of large-scale production is discussed in comparison with the economic and social burden resulting from the progressive diffusion of MDR infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Optimizing Workflow Data Footprint

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurmeet Singh ◽  
Karan Vahi ◽  
Arun Ramakrishnan ◽  
Gaurang Mehta ◽  
Ewa Deelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Distributed Resources ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Data Files ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Open Science Grid

In this paper we examine the issue of optimizing disk usage and scheduling large-scale scientific workflows onto distributed resources where the workflows are data-intensive, requiring large amounts of data storage, and the resources have limited storage resources. Our approach is two-fold: we minimize the amount of space a workflow requires during execution by removing data files at runtime when they are no longer needed and we demonstrate that workflows may have to be restructured to reduce the overall data footprint of the workflow. We show the results of our data management and workflow restructuring solutions using a Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) application and an astronomy application, Montage, running on a large-scale production grid-the Open Science Grid. We show that although reducing the data footprint of Montage by 48% can be achieved with dynamic data cleanup techniques, LIGO Scientific Collaboration workflows require additional restructuring to achieve a 56% reduction in data space usage. We also examine the cost of the workflow restructuring in terms of the application's runtime.

scholarly journals Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 752-756
Author(s):  
Jakob J. Mueller ◽  
Hans H. Wenk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

scholarly journals Mechanochemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Tsuzuki
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Mechanochemical Synthesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Energy Storage And Conversion ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production

AbstractIn the last decades, mechanochemical processing has emerged as a sustainable method for the large-scale production of a variety of nanomaterials. In particular, mechanochemical synthesis can afford well-dispersed metal-oxide nanoparticles, which are used in wide-ranging applications including energy storage and conversion, environmental monitoring, or biomedical uses. This article reviews recent progress in the mechanochemical synthesis of metal-oxide nanoparticles, explores reaction mechanisms, and contrasts the influence of chosen process parameters on the properties of end products. The role of choice of reaction pathway, as well as advantages and limitations compared to other synthesis methods are discussed. A prospect for future development of this synthetic method is proposed.

Assessment of Optimized Process Quality and Reliability for Wafer Level Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (S2) ◽  
pp. S1-S52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ennis Ogawa ◽  
Aimin Xing ◽  
David F.-S. Liao ◽  
Ten V. Y. Ten ◽  
Chong Wei Neo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Single Defect ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Edge Delamination ◽  
The Cost

Fanout Wafer Level Packaging (FoWLP) is a very attractive solution for microelectronics applications requiring optimized performance, smaller form factor, and low cost. By utilizing such an approach where system integration is done to multiple chips on a single package frame, the need to ensure much higher levels of process integrity, quality, and reliability becomes absolutely critical, especially if the total product volume lies in the range of tens of millions of units. A single defect type may negate the benefits of such an approach because the cost of losing one FoWLP unit results in the loss of multiple devices. Thus, yield, quality, and reliability optimization using such a package solution is critical for successful large scale manufacturing. In this talk, the issue of defectivity and its impact on quality and reliability on Wafer-Level (WL) devices with regards to the issue of Die Edge Delamination (DED) and Chip Mechanical Integrity (CMI) is discussed. Through this discussion and the resulting solutions found to improve WL quality and reliability, better understanding on how to assess the quality and reliability of a given FoWLP solution for large scale production will be demonstrated.

Amines via Hydroaminomethylation: An Updated Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmela G. Arena
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Atom Economy ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Cost

: Aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines are widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, surfactants and rubber chemicals. Most traditional synthetic methods are often unsuitable for large-scale production due to poor selectivity, harsh reaction conditions and the cost of starting materials. In this context, hydroaminomethylation (HAM) is a very attractive catalytic process with high atom economy that starts from inexpensive reagents, such as alkenes. This review aims to provide an updated overview of hydroaminomethylation as a useful tool for synthesizing aliphatic secondary and tertiary amines. Therefore, the discussion will focus on both unsaturated starting compounds and the amines obtained by this one-pot reaction.

scholarly journals Biological and Pharmacological Potential of Xylitol: A Molecular Insight of Unique Metabolism

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1592
Author(s):  
Vishal Ahuja ◽  
Markéta Macho ◽  
Daniela Ewe ◽  
Manoj Singh ◽  
Subhasish Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Chemical Catalysis ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Tract Infections

Xylitol is a white crystalline, amorphous sugar alcohol and low-calorie sweetener. Xylitol prevents demineralization of teeth and bones, otitis media infection, respiratory tract infections, inflammation and cancer progression. NADPH generated in xylitol metabolism aid in the treatment of glucose-6-phosphate deficiency-associated hemolytic anemia. Moreover, it has a negligible effect on blood glucose and plasma insulin levels due to its unique metabolism. Its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food and polymer industries fueled its market growth and made it one of the top 12 bio-products. Recently, xylitol has also been used as a drug carrier due to its high permeability and non-toxic nature. However, it become a challenge to fulfil the rapidly increasing market demand of xylitol. Xylitol is present in fruit and vegetables, but at very low concentrations, which is not adequate to satisfy the consumer demand. With the passage of time, other methods including chemical catalysis, microbial and enzymatic biotransformation, have also been developed for its large-scale production. Nevertheless, large scale production still suffers from high cost of production. In this review, we summarize some alternative approaches and recent advancements that significantly improve the yield and lower the cost of production.

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