An improved theory of the electric conductance of ionic solutions based on the concept of the ion-atmosphere's smaller-ion shell

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (47) ◽  
pp. 29896-29909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Fraenkel
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Ionic Solutions ◽  
Electric Conductance ◽  
Strength Limit

New DHO-SiS theory effectively predicts the conductivities of electrolyte solutions without adjustable parameters up to the ion-strength limit of the DHO model.

scholarly journals The Effect of Weak Electrolyte Solutions on the Hatching Rate of the Eggs of Tricho-Strongylus Retortaeformis (Zeder) and its Interpretation in Terms of a Proposed Hatching Mechanism of Strongyloid Eggs

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-601
Author(s):  
P. A. G. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Water Permeability ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Ionic Solutions ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Egg Membrane ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Colligative Properties

1. The influence of solutions of NaCl on the hatching of eggs of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis is studied. It is shown that the effects are not the consequence of colligative properties, but are related to ionic phenomena. 0.05 N-NaCl slows down the rate of hatch without impairing the ultimate ‘hatchability’ of the eggs. Processes of development up to hatching are not slowed down. 2. The effect demonstrated in the case of NaCl is shown to be shared by eight other electrolytes, the depression in the rate of hatch being proportional to the mobility of the ions in solution. On the assumption that the effect of the ions is due to a penetration of the egg membrane(s) the rate of entry is shown to be controlled by the speed of the slower ion in any one salt. 3. The influence of NaCl on the permeability of hatching eggs to water is studied. It is shown that the rate of increase in permeability is slowed down sufficiently in NaCl to control the rate of hatch. The inference that water permeability is a necessary prerequisite for hatching is made, a further hypothetical process being invoked to account for the rate of hatch in the absence of NaCl, since it is not then controlled by changes in water permeability. 4. The probability that the net effect of ionic solutions on the eggs is one concerned with the rate of breakdown of the inner wax-like layer of the egg is strengthened by experiments demonstrating that the depressing influence of NaCl is antagonized by ‘Teepol’, though the comparable influence of other, non-emulsifying, compounds cannot be explained. 5. The role of water permeability in the hatching mechanism is investigated. 6. A hatching mechanism of strongyloid eggs is proposed which involves two processes, the first dependent upon the osmotic relationships of the unhatched larva to its environment, the second being some sort of chemical weakening of the outer shell. 7. It is suggested that the effect of ions on hatching rate assists the ‘embryonated egg’ to survive under natural conditions when the hatched first-stage larva might otherwise be destroyed by desiccation.

scholarly journals Molecular Mean-Field Theory of Ionic Solutions: A Poisson-Nernst-Planck-Bikerman Model

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinn-Liang Liu ◽  
Bob Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Mean Field Theory ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Order Differential Operator ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Ionic Solutions ◽  
Dynamic Correlations ◽  
Wide Range

We have developed a molecular mean-field theory—fourth-order Poisson–Nernst–Planck–Bikerman theory—for modeling ionic and water flows in biological ion channels by treating ions and water molecules of any volume and shape with interstitial voids, polarization of water, and ion-ion and ion-water correlations. The theory can also be used to study thermodynamic and electrokinetic properties of electrolyte solutions in batteries, fuel cells, nanopores, porous media including cement, geothermal brines, the oceanic system, etc. The theory can compute electric and steric energies from all atoms in a protein and all ions and water molecules in a channel pore while keeping electrolyte solutions in the extra- and intracellular baths as a continuum dielectric medium with complex properties that mimic experimental data. The theory has been verified with experiments and molecular dynamics data from the gramicidin A channel, L-type calcium channel, potassium channel, and sodium/calcium exchanger with real structures from the Protein Data Bank. It was also verified with the experimental or Monte Carlo data of electric double-layer differential capacitance and ion activities in aqueous electrolyte solutions. We give an in-depth review of the literature about the most novel properties of the theory, namely Fermi distributions of water and ions as classical particles with excluded volumes and dynamic correlations that depend on salt concentration, composition, temperature, pressure, far-field boundary conditions etc. in a complex and complicated way as reported in a wide range of experiments. The dynamic correlations are self-consistent output functions from a fourth-order differential operator that describes ion-ion and ion-water correlations, the dielectric response (permittivity) of ionic solutions, and the polarization of water molecules with a single correlation length parameter.

scholarly journals Experimentelle Untersuchung des Einflusses der Probengeometrie auf die elektrischen Eigenschaften nematischer Elektrolytlösungen / Experimental Study Concerning the Influence of Sample Geometry on the Electric Properties of Nematic Electrolyte Solutions

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
G. Heppke ◽  
F. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Specific Conductivity ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Electric Properties ◽  
Inhomogeneous Field ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Electric Conductance ◽  
Sample Geometry ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Experimentelle Untersuchung

AbstractThe anisotropy of electric conductance in nematic electrolytes induces an inhomogeneous field in a rectangular sample. The effective specific conductivity and the cross voltage, which is generated at opposing points of the sample, depend on the ratio between the sides of the cell. The experimental values obtained for the electric properties agree favourably with the theoretical values calculated according to a method previously described. The orientation of the axis of alignment can be determined using this experimental procedure to an accuracy of 0.05°.

THEORY OF IONIC SOLUTIONS

1984 ◽  
Vol 45 (C7) ◽  
pp. C7-97-C7-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Solutions

Electrolyte Solutions.

1961 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_4) ◽  
pp. 285-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions

Structure of Aqueous Monovalent Electrolyte Solutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1218-1223
Author(s):  
N.A. Atamas ◽  
◽  
L.A. Bulavin ◽  
D. Vasyl’eva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions

Promoting Nitrogen Electroreduction to Ammonia with Bismuth Nanocrystals and Potassium Cations in Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaecheol Choi ◽  
Hoang-Long Du ◽  
Manjunath Chatti ◽  
Bryan H. R. Suryanto ◽  
Alexandr Simonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrocatalytic Activity ◽  
Aqueous Electrolyte ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

We demonstrate that bismuth exhibits no measurable electrocatalytic activity for the nitrogen reduction reaction to ammonia in aqueous electrolyte solutions, contrary to several recent reports on the highly impressive rates of Bi-catalysed electrosynthesis of NH<sub>3</sub> from N<sub>2</sub>.

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