scholarly journals Apple pomace improves gut health in Fisher rats independent of seed content

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 2931-2941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitte Ravn-Haren ◽  
Britta N. Krath ◽  
Jarosław Markowski ◽  
Morten Poulsen ◽  
Max Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
Seed Content

Apple pomace with seeds had no adverse effects in a 4-week feeding study in rats and retained its functionality.

Probiotic/prebiotic correction for adverse effects of iron fortification on intestinal resistance to Salmonella infection in weaning mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1070-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Lin ◽  
Haohao Wu ◽  
Mingyong Zeng ◽  
Guangli Yu ◽  
Shiyuan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Iron Fortification ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Pathogen Load

Our study provides experimental evidence for the increased diarrhea risk upon iron fortification with high pathogen load, and demonstrates that probiotic or prebiotic supplementation can be used to eliminate the potential harm of iron fortification on gut health.

scholarly journals Autochthonous Probiotics Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Dietary Histamine in Juvenile Grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Yan Liu ◽  
Hong-Ling Yang ◽  
Ling-Hao Hu ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Chun-Xiang Ai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Epinephelus Coioides ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Probiotic Strains

High dose (0.3%) of dietary histamine can cause adverse effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gut health in juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides). In the present study, three autochthonous probiotics (Bacillus pumilus SE5, Psychrobacter sp. SE6, and Bacillus clausii DE5) were supplemented separately to diets containing 0.3% of histamine and their effects on growth performance, innate immunity, and gut health of grouper (E. coioides) were evaluated in a 56-day feeding trial. The results showed considerable increase in weight gain, specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, and decreased feed conversion rate in groupers fed with probiotic-supplemented diets. Supplementation of autochthonous probiotics has improved antioxidant capacity and innate immunity of E. coioides by measuring correlative parameters, such as total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content, and so on. Additionally, dietary probiotics have significantly reduced the levels of serum interleukin-1β (at days 28 and 56), fatty acid-binding protein 2, and intestinal trefoil factor (at day 28), and promoted intestinal integrity following remarkably increased muscle thickness and mucosal fold height at day 56, especially in grouper fed with B. pumilus SE5 containing diet (P < 0.05). On day 56, the gut microbial composition of E. coioides was positively shaped by autochthonous probiotics, the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic Photobacterium decreased while beneficial Lactobacillus increased in fish fed with probiotic strains, especially with B. pumilus SE5 and B. clausii DE5. These results suggest that among the three autochthonous probiotic strains tested, B. pumilus SE5 is showing better efficiency in alleviating the adverse effects of (high levels) dietary histamine by decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers and by improving the growth, innate immunity, and gut health of juvenile grouper E. coioides.

Safety Assessment of Poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, Poloxamer 105 Benzoate, and Poloxamer 182 Dibenzoate as Used in Cosmetics

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 93-128 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Poloxamer 188 ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
Dose Dependent

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD50 values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m3 identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal tox-icity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, ororgan weight changes. A6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day-1), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day-1), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day-1) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day-1) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day-1 for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anti-carcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.

Effect of wheat processing and enzyme supplementation of weaner diets on piglet performance and gut health

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 58-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Gill ◽  
S. Garcia ◽  
K. H. Hillman ◽  
H. Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Heat Damage ◽  
Retrograded Starch ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

Cooked cereals in weaner diets are considered to enhance digestion, gut health and intake. However, studies (McCone et al., 1991; Lynch et al., 1992) have shown adverse effects of cooked wheat on performance. The nutritional significance of cooking may include: (1) increased antinutritive effects of non-starch polysacharrides (NSP), (2) formation of retrograded starch (RS) which is resistant to α-amylase but is available for microbial fermentation (Englyst and Cummings, 1987) and (3) reduced protein quality due to heat damage. In this study, the aim was to obtain further understanding of this response to cooked wheat by evaluating the effects of different processing methods and feed enzyme supplementation on performance and indicators of gut health.

scholarly journals Apple Pomace and Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota of Weaned Piglets—A Weaning Strategy for Gut Health?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Sandrine Dufourny ◽  
Nadine Antoine ◽  
Elena Pitchugina ◽  
Véronique Delcenserie ◽  
Stéphane Godbout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

Apple pomace (AP) is known to be rich in biomolecules beneficial for health and it may advantageously be used to overcome the critical step of piglets’ weaning. The study aimed to determine the effect of two levels of incorporation of AP on the performance, intestinal morphology, and microbiota of weaned piglets and investigate this feed ingredient as a weaning strategy. An experiment was performed with 42 piglets from weaning (28 days old) over a five-week period, including three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets (0%, 2%, and 4% dried AP diets) with seven pen-repetitions per diet (two pigs per pen). AP diets were beneficial for the average daily gain calculated on week 3 (p = 0.038) and some parameters of the intestinal architecture on the 35 post-weaning day. The 4% AP diet was beneficial for the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.002) and the energetic feed efficiency (p = 0.004) on the 35 post-weaning day. AP tended to influence the consistency of feces (softer to liquid, p = 0.096) and increased the counts of excreted pathogens (p = 0.072). Four percent AP influenced the richness of the microbiota and the bacteria profile as observed for the phylum Bacteroidetes or the class Clostridia. The 4% AP diet appeared as an interesting weaning strategy that should be evaluated in a large cohort.

The Influence of Specimen Thickness in Quantitative Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 112-113
Author(s):  
Nestor J. Zaluzec
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

The application of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to light element analysis is rapidly becoming an important aspect of the microcharacterization of solids in materials science, however relatively stringent requirements exist on the specimen thickness under which one can obtain EELS data due to the adverse effects of multiple inelastic scattering.1,2 This study was initiated to determine the limitations on quantitative analysis of EELS data due to specimen thickness.

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