Human milk peptides differentiate between the preterm and term infant and across varying lactational stages

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3769-3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Dingess ◽  
Marita de Waard ◽  
Sjef Boeren ◽  
Jacques Vervoort ◽  
Tim T. Lambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Endogenous Peptide ◽  
Milk Peptides ◽  
Peptide Profiles

Variations in endogenous peptide profiles, functionality, and the enzymes responsible for the formation of these peptides in human milk are understudied.

scholarly journals Milk Peptides Survive In Vivo Gastrointestinal Digestion and Are Excreted in the Stool of Infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L Beverly ◽  
Robert K Huston ◽  
Andi M Markell ◽  
Elizabeth A McCulley ◽  
Rachel L Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Endogenous Proteins ◽  
Milk Peptides ◽  
Peptide Profiles

ABSTRACT Background Human milk peptides released by gastrointestinal proteases have been identified with bioactivities that can benefit the infant but must first reach their respective sites of activity. Peptides in the stool either survived to or were released inside the intestinal tract, and thus had the opportunity to exert bioactivity there. However, it is unknown whether any milk peptides, bioactive or not, can survive in the stool of infants. Objective The aim of this study was primarily to identify milk peptides in infant stool samples and secondarily test the hypotheses that the milk peptide profiles of stools are different between preterm infants at different days of life and between preterm and term infants. Methods Infant stool samples were collected from 16 preterm infants (<34 weeks gestational age) at 8 or 9 and 21 or 22 days of life (DOL), and from 10 term infants (>34 weeks gestational age) at 8 or 9 DOL. Milk peptides were isolated from the stool samples and identified using tandem MS. The peptide counts and abundances were compared between infant groups. Results In total, 118 exclusively milk-derived peptides from the caseins and α-lactalbumin were present in the stool samples, including some peptides with known or potential bioactivity. The remaining 8014 identified peptides could be derived either from milk or endogenous proteins. Although many individual milk peptides were significantly different between preterm infants at 8/9 and 21/22 DOL and between preterm and term infants, total peptide abundance and count were similar for all 3 groups. Conclusions This is the first study to confirm the survival of milk peptides in the stool of infants. Some of the peptides had potential bioactivities that could influence infant gut development. These results are important to understand the physiological relevance of human milk peptides to the infant.

scholarly journals Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Body Composition of Term Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Wan Jun Tie ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
Sambavi Kugananthan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
First Year ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Daily Intakes

Human milk (HM) carbohydrates may affect infant appetite regulation, breastfeeding patterns, and body composition (BC). We investigated relationships between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM carbohydrates in first year postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, as well as breastfeeding parameters. BC of dyads (n = 20) was determined at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum using ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Breastfeeding frequency, 24-h milk intake and total carbohydrates (TCH) and lactose were measured to calculate HM oligosaccharides (HMO) concentration and CDI of carbohydrates. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Higher TCH concentrations were associated with greater infant length, weight, fat-free mass (FFM), and FFM index (FFMI), and decreased fat mass (FM), FM index (FMI), %FM and FM/FFM ratio. Higher HMO concentrations were associated with greater infant FFM and FFMI, and decreased FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio. Higher TCH CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio, and decreased infant FFMI. Higher lactose CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM, ratio and decreased FFMI. Concentrations and intakes of HM carbohydrates differentially influence development of infant BC in the first 12 months postpartum, and may potentially influence risk of later obesity via modulation of BC.

Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) concentrations in human milk consumed by infants born at different gestational ages and the variations in concentration during lactation stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1869-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Dai ◽  
Tinglan Yuan ◽  
Xinghe Zhang ◽  
Qin Zhou ◽  
Huiya Bi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids (4:0, 6:0 and 8:0) are naturally occurring in human milk triacylglycerol and are present in highest amounts in mature full-term infant milk (1.47 ± 0.66 mg g−1 fat).

scholarly journals Human Milk Adiponectin and Leptin and Infant Body Composition over the First 12 Months of Lactation

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Sambavi Kugananthan ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Ching Lai ◽  
Leigh Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
First Year Of Life

Human milk (HM) adipokines may influence infant feeding patterns, appetite regulation, and body composition (BC). The associations between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM adipokines in the first 12 months postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, and infant breastfeeding parameters were investigated. BC of breastfeeding dyads (n = 20) was measured at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum with ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioimpedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). 24-h milk intake and feeding frequency were measured along with whole milk adiponectin and skim and whole milk leptin (SML and WML) and CDI were calculated. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Adipokine concentrations did not associate with infant BC. Higher CDI of adiponectin were associated with lower infant fat-free mass (FFM; p = 0.005) and FFM index (FFMI; p = 0.009) and higher fat mass (FM; p < 0.001), FM index (FMI; p < 0.001), and %FM (p < 0.001). Higher CDI of SML were associated with higher infant FM (p < 0.001), FMI (p < 0.001), and %FM (p = 0.002). At 12 months, higher CDI of WML were associated with larger increases in infant adiposity (2–12 month: FM, p = 0.0006; %FM, p = 0.0004); higher CDI of SML were associated with a larger decrease in FFMI (5–12 months: p = 0.0004). Intakes of HM adipokines differentially influence development of infant BC in the first year of life, which is a critical window of infant programming and may potentially influence risk of later disease via modulation of BC.

Formulas for the Healthy Term Infant

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Frank R. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Healthy Term Infant ◽  
Made In

Human milk remains the gold standard for infant nutrition. As a nutritional source, it shows a relatively large degree of both intra- and inter-individual variability in composition. It can be said that the more we learn about the unique compositional qualities of human milk, the more there is to learn. Although it is unreasonable to expect any artificial formula to duplicate this mammary gland secretion, this has remained an elusive goal of nutritionists and formula companies throughout the 20th century. Infant formulas have changed substantially since the burgeoning of the modern formula industry in the 1950s. Many of these changes, such as the additions of iron, vitamin D, and perhaps vitamin K, addressed specific well-documented deficiencies and actually moved infant formula away from the composition of human milk. However, the majority of the changes made in recent years have been attempts to bring formulas closer in composition to human milk. The additions of taurine and carnitine, further reductions in sodium content, and increases in the percent of whey protein, though advantageous theoretically, have remained of questionable benefit when subjected to rigorous scientific methods. Much of the supporting research for formula modifications is sponsored by the formula industry, the results of which are then widely advertised in circulars aimed at practitioners involved in the care of infants.

Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of PDC213, an endogenous peptide from human milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 484 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazhou Sun ◽  
Yahui Zhou ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Linping Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Endogenous Peptide

Feeding the Term Infant: Human Milk and Formulas

Neonatology ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Fanaro ◽  
Vittorio Vigi
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Term Infant
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