Rainwater harvesting solar pasteurization treatment systems for the provision of an alternative water source in peri-urban informal settlements

Source of water is the beginning of rural drinking water projects, safe water source is the key to rural drinking water safety. Status of rural drinking water source in china and laws and regulations on rural water conservation were analyzed. The population of centralized water supply accounts for 51% of the total population in rural areas in 2008, centralized water supply 49%. Groundwater source accounts for 57% of the population of centralized water supply projects in rural areas in 2008, surface water sources 43%. China has a relatively sound legal system of drinking water source, including basic law, general law, administrative regulations, local regulations.The paper draws a conclusion that sources of drinking water in rural areas is mainly groundwater, water conservation is short of specific laws and regulations and not suitable for rural area,it is necessary to improve laws and regulations on rural water conservation, government must assume responsibility for rural water conservation, especially financial investment and public policy support.

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Identification and management of microbial contaminations in a surface drinking water source

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2007.137 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (S1) ◽

pp. 67-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. Åström ◽

T. J. R. Pettersson ◽

T. A. Stenström

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Raw Water ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

E Coli ◽

The City

Microbial contamination of surface waters constitutes a health risk for drinking water consumers which may be lowered by closing the raw water intake. We have evaluated microbial discharge events reported in the river Göta älv, which is used for raw water supply to the city of Göteborg. Elevated levels of faecal indicator bacteria were observed during periods of closed raw water intake. High bacteria levels were, however, also occasionally detected during periods of open intake, probably as a result of microbial discharge far upstream in the river which may be difficult to predict and manage by closing the intake. Accumulated upstream precipitations, resulting in surface runoff and wastewater contaminations in the catchment, correlated positively with the levels of total coliforms, E. coli, intestinal enterococci and sulfite-reducing clostridia. Levels of faecal indicator organisms were negatively correlated to the water temperature due to enhanced survival at lower temperatures. Wastewater discharges from a municipality located just upstream of the water intake resulted in elevated E. coli concentrations downstream at the raw water intake for Göteborg. To improve the prediction of microbial contaminations within the river Göta älv, monitoring data on turbidity and upstream precipitation are of particular importance.

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PERENCANAAN PEMANFAATAN SISTEM PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN (PAH) DALAM MENDUKUNG PENERAPAN ECODRAIN DI KAMPUS B UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA

Menara: Jurnal Teknik Sipil ◽

10.21009/jmenara.v16i1.19328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 18-25

Author(s):

Fauziah Ismahyanti ◽

Rosmawita Saleh ◽

Arris Maulana

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Water Supply ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Water System ◽

Water Source ◽

Office Building ◽

Water Volume ◽

Water Balance Method ◽

Rainwater Runoff ◽

Alternative Water

This research is done to plan rainwater harvesting so that it can be used as an alternative water source on the campus B UNJ so it is expected to reduce groundwater use that can cause a puddle. The method used in the PAH development plan is a water balance method. This method compares the level of demand with water volume that can be accommodated or the availability of water (supply). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the potential for rainwater in the FIO office building A was 1773.95 m3 , FMIPA building B was 1904.62 m3 , the FIO lecture building C was 1613.21 m3 and the Ulul Albab mosque was 512.16 m3 . Potential rainwater obtained cistern PAH capacity of 200 m3 by saving water needs by 30% in building A FIO, building B FMIPA, and building C FIO. The capacity of the PAH cistern is 80 m3 by saving the water needs of the Ulul Albab mosque by 13.3%. Placement of the PAH cistern under the ground with a ground water system. Ecodrainage application by utilizing the PAH system can reduce drainage load by 0.158 m3 /second or 13.9% from rainwater runoff.

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Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns

Water ◽

10.3390/w11081605 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1605 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Naomi Carrard ◽

Tim Foster ◽

Juliet Willetts

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Critical Role ◽

Water Source ◽

Groundwater Resource ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Water Services ◽

Sustainable Services

Groundwater is widely acknowledged to be an important source of drinking water in low-income regions, and it, therefore, plays a critical role in the realization of the human right to water. However, the proportion of households using groundwater compared with other sources is rarely quantified, with national and global datasets more focused on facilities—rather than resources—used. This is a significant gap in knowledge, particularly in light of efforts to expand water services in line with the inclusive and integrated agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. Understanding the prevalence of groundwater reliance for drinking is critical for those involved in water services planning and management, so they can better monitor and advocate for management of water resources that supports sustainable services for households. This paper contributes data that can be used to strengthen the integration of resource considerations within water service delivery and inform the work of development partners supporting this area. We approach this issue from two perspectives. Firstly, we collate data on the proportion of households using groundwater as their primary drinking water source for 10 Southeast Asian and Pacific nations, finding an average of 66% (range of 17–93% for individual countries) of households in urban areas and 60% (range of 22–95%) of households in rural areas rely on groundwater for drinking. Together, these constitute 79% of the total population across the case study countries. Secondly, we review current and emerging groundwater resource concerns within each country, using a systems thinking approach to assess how groundwater resource issues influence household water services. Findings support the case for governments and development agencies to strengthen engagement with groundwater resource management as foundational for achieving sustainable water services for all.

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Corn starch-based treatment improves rainwater quality

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2015.097 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1326-1333

Author(s):

Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada ◽

Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi

Keyword(s):

Corn Starch ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Single Layer ◽

Water Source ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Direct Filtration ◽

Alternative Water ◽

End Use ◽

Apparent Colour ◽

Rainwater Quality

Rainwater harvesting can provide an alternative water source, which may demand little treatment, depending on the end use. Some starches have been used in water treatment as coagulant/flocculant/filtration aid, and might be applied as primary coagulant. Here, we show direct filtration with hydraulic rapid mixing, using 2–6 mg L−1 cationic corn starch as primary coagulant, considerably improves roof-harvested rainwater quality, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 71.7% of apparent colour, 78% of turbidity, 1.1 log-unit of total coliform, and 1.6 log-unit of Escherichia coli, meeting guidelines for turbidity, even for potable purposes. Cationic corn starch has proved to be a suitable primary coagulant when filtration is performed in a single-layer sand filter (coefficient of uniformity: 1.8, effective particle size: 0.52 mm), at hydraulic loading rate of 450 m day−1. However, a disinfection unit is required to meet an absence of faecal coliform.

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Characteristics of Ion Release from Building Materials during Rainwater Harvesting

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3522 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 955-959 ◽

pp. 3522-3528

Author(s):

Jian Feng Zhang ◽

Ya Xiong Deng ◽

Zhan Qin Lei ◽

Wei Xie

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Building Materials ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Ion Release ◽

Water Ph ◽

Materials Used

In the past two decade, the Chinese government has paid a huge effort to solve the problem of drinking water in remote rural. As an alterative success case, rainwater harvesting and utility has been the most efficient way to supplying fresh water in rural areas of the Loess Plateau, a typical water resources serious shortage area in China. Focused on improving the quality of the rural village cistern water, study about the characteristics of ion release from building materials during runoff process with five representative materials used for rainwater collection: concrete, red brick, grey tile, red tile and soil was conducted. The ion releasing process and following effect on cistern water quality index, such as hardness, pH, conductivity, has been analyzed. Results revealed that the most release strength of different materials was arriving at 30s following startup. Furthermore, the test of effects of rain acidity on ion release procession showed that the total ion release increased with storm water pH declining, however, the release strength was irrelevance with runoff’s pH. Based on research results, a detailed suggestion was provided to renovate intake construction of cistern for improving the drinking water quality in remote rural areas of Weibei Semi-arid District.

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Assessment of access to water, sanitation and hygiene in rural schools of Central Kazakhstan

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.321 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

Z Bolatova ◽

B Toleubekov ◽

D Kulov ◽

K Sukhanberdiyev ◽

K Tussupova

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Schools ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Water Source ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Joint Monitoring

Abstract Background The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for universal coverage and access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for all by 2030. Access to WASH in schools is one of the priority areas, considering Joint Monitoring Program is lacking the data from many developing countries, particularly, rural areas including Kazakhstan. The aim of the paper is to assess the access to WASH at schools in rural regions of central Kazakhstan. Methods The study was conducted in three rural schools using focus group discussion with school heads, the observation of drinking water and sanitation units, and a questionnaire survey among 166 pupils. All tools cover the set of questions about the availability and the privacy of WASH facilities, accessibility, acceptability to pupils, functionality. Results Results of the study show that the main water source of Algabas and Kerney schools is a centralized piped water supply provided into the school building and 85,91% of pupils from these schools report the uninterrupted availability of water from this source. However, Sartau has its well, and only 51,72% of pupils from this school indicate that water from the main source is continuously available. All toilets are flushing toilets inside of schools and not connected to the centralized sewage system. The maximum number of the toilet is 6 in the Kerney school; however, this amount of toilets is not enough for the number of pupils by the national norms. Majority of pupils (89,15%) report that the school toilets are always available. Nevertheless, 34,87% of pupils indicate no toilet paper as a reason for not using the school toilet. Handwashing facilities are located near the toilets and in classrooms. Only 53,02% have soap available and 42,77% have access to hand drying facilities after handwashing. Conclusions The current study shows rural schools of Central Kazakhstan are not provided with sufficient materials for pupils to manage personal hygiene appropriately. Key messages The study is essential for mapping the situation of WASH in schools. This study provides the baseline data for JMP; consequently, it is crucial to plan the UN SDGs in Kazakhstan.

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Microbial contamination and environmental factors of drinking water source for households with children under five years old in two South China ethnic groups

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2016.079 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 1514-1518 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wen Fang Long ◽

Spencer Lloyd ◽

Fan Zhang ◽

Qiao Li ◽

HaiRong Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Children Under Five ◽

E Coli ◽

Under Five

The article aimed to find the causes of microbial contamination of drinking water source, by exploring the influencing factors of water on the incidence of diarrhea in children. Random stratified-cluster sampling was used to study Li and Han communities of rural Lingshui County with regard to water quality and environmental sanitation. Water samples were evaluated for microbial contamination using National Standard of the People's Republic of China and World Health Organization drinking water standards. Data were compared between ethnic groups. Li communities had more contamination than Han. The correlation between the frequency of diarrhea among children and the presence of microorganisms in the water was positive, for both total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Regression analysis showed the substandard risk factors of total coliforms for source water were type of water supply (OR = 3.508) and garbage disposal methods (OR = 2.430). For E. coli, risk factors included the source of water supply (OR = 2.417); depth of wells (OR = 0.536) and distance of wells from the cesspit (OR = 0.723). The content of bacterium in drinking water source was high in the rural county. Water from open wells had higher contamination rates than water from centralized systems and tube-well sources. Improvement of water supply and environmental hygiene would decrease diarrheal diseases among children under five.

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Quality of rainwater harvesting in urban systems: case study in Colombia

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2015.043 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 424-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Morales-Pinzón ◽

M. I. García-Serna ◽

M. T. Flórez-Calderón

Keyword(s):

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Water Source ◽

Urban Systems ◽

Different Types ◽

External Sources ◽

Roofing Material ◽

Fibre Cement ◽

Alternative Water

An analysis of the utilisation and quality of rainwater in different collection systems located in the Pereira–Dosquebradas (Colombia) conurbation was conducted to evaluate the conditions in these systems and thus determine whether rainwater is safe water for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. The quality of rainwater and its relation to selected variables (roofing material, material deposits, piping material and amount of precipitation) were evaluated. Six buildings with different types of roofing (zinc, polycarbonate or fibre cement) that have installed systems to capture rainwater were selected for the evaluation. According to the results, the sampled water is suitable for different uses. In cities, rainwater can be adapted and eventually used as an alternative water source, thereby reducing dependence on local and external sources.

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Enhancing the resilience of the rainwater for drinking (RFD) system through systematic monitoring: a case study at the Ly Nhan rural hospital in Vietnam

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2021.120 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hakyung Lee ◽

Tran Hoai Son ◽

Dao Anh Dzung ◽

Jongkook Lee ◽

Mooyoung Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Open Data ◽

Data Access ◽

Operational Mode ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Systematic Monitoring ◽

Harvesting Systems ◽

Unsafe Water

Abstract Many rainwater harvesting systems have been installed and operated to supply drinking water to rural regions. However, they often lacked the management method to produce safe drinking water reliable. The current practice of operating rainwater harvesting systems did not have systematic monitoring as the basis of reliable operation so that the operators did not have confidence in their operation. To overcome these limitations, a rainwater for drinking (RFD) system has been suggested which was to produce drinking water by adding the proper treatment processes and setting up the proper operational mode. This study aimed to evaluate stable regular monitoring results from a pilot RFD system at a local hospital in Vietnam. Water quality and quantity were monitored by the trained local operator on a quarterly and weekly basis. The raw dataset was then shared with the study team by uploading into an open data access platform, from where the technical support was provided to prevent the provision of unsafe water to users. Ultimately, employing systematic monitoring would help to enhance the resilience of the RFD system, contributing to resolving the drinking water issue in rural areas of developing countries, aiming at the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 6.

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