Dynamics of capillary transport in semi-solid channels

: According to the drug discovery, approximately 40% of the new chemical entities show poor bioavailability due to their low aqueous solubility. In order to increase the solubility of the drugs, self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are considered as an ideal technology for enhancing the permeability of poorly soluble drugs in GI membranes. The SMEDDS are also generally used to enhance the oral bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs. At present, most of the self-microemulsion drugs are liquid dosage forms, which could cause some disadvantages, such as the low bioavailability of the traditional liquid SMEDDS. Therefore, solid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) have emerged widely in recent years, which were prepared by solidifying a semi-solid or liquid self-emulsifying (SE) ingredient into a powder in order to improve stability, treatment and patient compliance. The article gives a comprehensive introduction of the study of SMEDDS which could effectively tackle the problem of the water-insoluble drug, especially the development of solidification technology of SMEDDS. Finally, the present challenges and the prospects in this field were also discussed.

Download Full-text

Routes for salmonella contamination of poultry meat: epidemiological study from hatchery to slaughterhouse

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268802007380 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 129 (2) ◽

pp. 253-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

M. HEYNDRICKX ◽

D. VANDEKERCHOVE ◽

L. HERMAN ◽

I. ROLLIER ◽

K. GRIJSPEERDT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Solid Agar ◽

Determining Factors ◽

Production Stages ◽

Animal Material ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Therapeutic Doses ◽

Broiler House

Data were collected on the prevalence of salmonella at different stages during the life cycle of 18 broiler flocks on different farms as well as during slaughter in different poultry slaughterhouses. For the isolation of salmonella, the highest sensitivity (93.9%) was obtained by enrichment in the semi-solid agar Diasalm. The ‘overshoe method’ utilizing several pairs of overshoes provided the highest sensitivity for determining the salmonella status of the broilers during rearing. A clear decrease of the relative importance of the first production stages was demonstrated for the salmonella contamination of the end product, whereas horizontal transmission of salmonella to broilers during rearing and to broiler carcasses in the slaughterhouse was shown to be the main determinative factor. Ten of the 18 flocks received a salmonella positive status with the highest shedding occurring during the first 2 weeks of rearing. The shedding of the animals was significantly negatively influenced by the use of subtherapeutic or therapeutic doses of antibiotics. The intake of portable material in the broiler house was identified as the most important risk factor for horizontal transmission. Significant associations were found between the contamination level of a flock and hygiene of the broiler house, feed and water in the broiler house and both animal and non-animal material sampled in the environment. No correlation was found between contamination during the rearing period and contamination found after slaughtering. The presence of faecal material in the transport crates and predominantly the identity of the slaughterhouse seemed to be the determining factors for carcass quality. Improved hygiene management during transport of broilers and in some slaughterhouses could significantly reduce the risk of salmonella contamination of poultry meat.

Download Full-text

Effect of temperature, CO2 and O2 on motility and mobility of Anisakidae larvae

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83505-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aiyan Guan ◽

Inge Van Damme ◽

Frank Devlieghere ◽

Sarah Gabriël

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Digestion ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Zoonotic Parasites ◽

The Impact ◽

Phosphate Buffered Saline

AbstractAnisakidae, marine nematodes, are underrecognized fish-borne zoonotic parasites. Studies on factors that could trigger parasites to actively migrate out of the fish are very limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different environmental conditions (temperature, CO2 and O2) on larval motility (in situ movement) and mobility (migration) in vitro. Larvae were collected by candling or enzymatic digestion from infected fish, identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly. Individual larvae were transferred to a semi-solid Phosphate Buffered Saline agar, and subjected to different temperatures (6 ℃, 12 ℃, 22 ℃, 37 ℃) at air conditions. Moreover, different combinations of CO2 and O2 with N2 as filler were tested, at both 6 °C and 12 °C. Video recordings of larvae were translated into scores for larval motility and mobility. Results showed that temperature had significant influence on larval movements, with the highest motility and mobility observed at 22 ℃ for Anisakis spp. larvae and 37 ℃ for Pseudoterranova spp. larvae. During the first 10 min, the median migration of Anisakis spp. larvae was 10 cm at 22 ℃, and the median migration of Pseudoterranova spp. larvae was 3 cm at 37 ℃. Larval mobility was not significantly different under the different CO2 or O2 conditions at 6 °C and 12 ℃. It was concluded that temperature significantly facilitated larval movement with the optimum temperature being different for Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp., while CO2 and O2 did not on the short term. This should be further validated in parasite-infected/spiked fish fillets.

Download Full-text

Salt precipitation due to supercritical gas injection: II. Capillary transport in multi porosity rocks

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control ◽

10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

pp. 103233

Author(s):

Holger Ott ◽

Jeroen Snippe ◽

Kees de Kloe

Keyword(s):

Gas Injection ◽

Salt Precipitation ◽

Capillary Transport

Download Full-text