Effective in situ repair and bacteriostatic material of tooth enamel based on salivary acquired pellicle inspired oligomeric procyanidins

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (44) ◽  
pp. 6761-6769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhui Zhang ◽  
Libang He ◽  
Yinxin Yang ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Yixue Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
In Situ Repair

Remineralization and reduction of cariogenic bacteria at the tooth surface are effective ways to treat dental caries.

scholarly journals Antibiofilm Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Flavonoids against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Sri Kunarti ◽  
Aulia Ramadhani ◽  
Laskmiari Setyowati
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases and often occurs in the community caused by bacteria. Attached bacteria in the tooth surface for a long time will form a biofilm and will lead to demineralization characterized by damage in the structure of the tooth enamel. The bacteria that cause dental caries and can form biofilms is Streptococcus mutans. The bacteria inside biofilms are more resistant to antibacterial agents. Flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract can be a cleaner alternative for the anti-biofilm cavity that has properties against Streptococcus mutans. Purpose: To determine the activity of flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract at a certain concentration against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Streptococcus mutans were diluted according to the Mc Farland dilution standard 106 in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium and put in a flexible U-bottom microtiter plate. Then it was incubated for 5x24 hours and checked using crystal violet simple staining to see the formation of biofilms. Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp performed serial dilution in a concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78% was added, and the incubation process were conducted for 1x24 hours. OD (Optical Density) readings were done with a wavelength of 595 nm. Results: There was a significant difference between the test groups and the positive control group. The concentration of 100% had the anti-biofilm activity and showed the value of the highest percentage of inhibition, whilst the concentration of 0.78% showed a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration. The results were demonstrated by a statistical analysis test. Conclusion: Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp at a certain concentration has anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

scholarly journals Cloning, Expression, Purification, and Preliminary Characterization of Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction of Glucosyltransferase B of Streptococcus mutans

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1984933
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Mieher ◽  
Norbert Schormann ◽  
Manisha Patel ◽  
Hui Wu ◽  
Champion Deivanayagam
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Persistent Disease ◽  
X Ray

Dental caries characterized by acid damage of tooth enamel is a persistent disease that begins with the formation of biofilms on the tooth surface. The secreted glucosyltransferases enable Streptococcus mutans to synthesize extracellular glucan polymers using ingested starch within the oral cavity, which eventually results in the production of acid, a contributing factor to cariogenesis. In this paper, we report the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray diffraction characterization of glucosyltransferase B.

scholarly journals Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum Ekstrak Daun Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans

e-GIGI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen N. Sekeon ◽  
Heriyannis Homenta ◽  
Michael A. Leman
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
Group Design

Abstract: Streptococcus mutans is the most common bacterium that causes dental caries due to its ability to ferment carbohydrates into acid resulting in the decreased pH on the tooth surface. Prevention of dental caries could be achieved by inhibiting the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Various efforts to control and prevent the cariogenic bacteria include the usage of herbal ingredients; one of them is gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot L.). These gedi leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. This study was aimed to prove that gedi leaf extract had inhibitory effect on the growth of S.mutans and to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on the growth of S. mutans. This was a true experimental design with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Gedi leaf extract was obtained by maceration method in 96% ethanol. The results showed that gedi leaf extract had an antibacterial effect on the growth of S. mutans. We used turbidimetry, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and two times of treatment to obtain the MIC of gedi leaf extract on Streptococcus mutans which was 6.25%. Conclusion: Gedi leaf extract could inhibit the growth of S. mutans with a MIC of 6.25%.Keywords: dental caries, gedi leaf extract (Abelmoschus manihot L.), Streptococcus mutans Abstrak: Streptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri yang paling banyak menyebabkan karies gigi karena bakteri ini berkemampuan memfermentasi karbohidrat menjadi asam yang berakibat turunnya pH pada permukaan gigi. Pencegahan karies gigi dapat dicapai dengan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk mengen-dalikan dan mencegah bakteri kariogenik, antara lain dengan menggunakan bahan herbal; salah satunya yaitu tanaman gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Daun gedi mengandung senyawa bioaktif antara lain flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, dan saponin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek inhibisi ekstrak daun gedi terhadap pertumbuhan S. mutans dan mendapatkan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun gedi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. mutans. Jenis penelitian ini ialah eksperimental murni dengan randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Ekstrak daun gedi dibuat dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 96%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) memiliki efek antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Dengan menggunakan metode turbidimetri dan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dalam 2 (dua) kali perlakuan maka diperoleh KHM ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans terdapat pada konsentrasi 6,25%. Simpulan: Ekstrak daun gedi dapat meghambat pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans dengan KHM pada konsentrasi 6,25%.Kata kunci: karies gigi, ekstrak daun gedi (Abelmoschus manihot L.), Streptococcus mutans

scholarly journals Salivary Mucins Protect Surfaces from Colonization by Cariogenic Bacteria

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Shapiro Frenkel ◽  
Katharina Ribbeck
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Surface Attachment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Planktonic Form

ABSTRACTUnderstanding how the body's natural defenses function to protect the oral cavity from the myriad of bacteria that colonize its surfaces is an ongoing topic of research that can lead to breakthroughs in treatment and prevention. One key defense mechanism on all moist epithelial linings, such as the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs, is a layer of thick, well-hydrated mucus. The main gel-forming components of mucus are mucins, large glycoproteins that play a key role in host defense. This study focuses on elucidating the connection between MUC5B salivary mucins and dental caries, one of the most common oral diseases. Dental caries is predominantly caused byStreptococcus mutansattachment and biofilm formation on the tooth surface. OnceS. mutansattaches to the tooth, it produces organic acids as metabolic by-products that dissolve tooth enamel, leading to cavity formation. We utilize CFU counts and fluorescence microscopy to quantitatively show thatS. mutansattachment and biofilm formation are most robust in the presence of sucrose and that aqueous solutions of purified human MUC5B protect surfaces by acting as an antibiofouling agent in the presence of sucrose. In addition, we find that MUC5B does not alterS. mutansgrowth and decreases surface attachment and biofilm formation by maintainingS. mutansin the planktonic form. These insights point to the importance of salivary mucins in oral health and lead to a better understanding of how MUC5B could play a role in cavity prevention or diagnosis.

scholarly journals ETHIOPATHOGENETIC PARALLELS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHRONIC DENTAL CARIES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
B.M. Fylenko
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Continuous Fermentation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Calcium Phosphates ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Oral Microorganisms

Tooth decay is a global health problem and a major cause of tooth loss in the adult population. Currently, the most recognized theory of dental caries development is the chemical-parasitic theory of V.D. Miller that was suggested in 1884, and is relevant to date. According to this theory, oral microorganisms are capable of converting food carbohydrates to acids, which in turn dissolve the calcium phosphates present in the enamel, causing its demineralization. Dental plaque is considered the key element in the development of dental caries, subsequently leading to the gradual formation of a dental plaque. Dental plaque (biofilm) is resulted from structurally and functionally ordered colonization of microorganisms on the tooth surface. This process is gradual and involves several links. Potential virulence factors are enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of sucrose and other carbohydrates that come with food. Continuous fermentation of carbohydrates results in a rapid local decrease in pH on the tooth enamel surface, reaching a critical level and dissolving of the apatite on the surface of the enamel in the most vulnerable areas. The prolonged existence of the foci of demineralization results in the dissolution of a more stable superficial enamel layer with the formation of a visible defect. In the projection of carious lesion of the enamel at the stages of the pigmented spot and superficial caries, pathological processes in the dentin are observed. Subsequently, the exposure to an acidic environment leads to destruction of the dentin-enamel border, contributing to spread of carious process onto the hard tooth tissues and forming a cavity in the dentin. Microscopically, the bottom of the carious cavity is represented by three layers of altered dentin. In dental caries, a physico-chemical type of occlusion of the dentinal tubules is observed, which is considered a protective mechanism, which significantly reduces the permeability of the affected dentin for microorganisms. At the stage of medium caries, the odontoblast processes are affected by bacteria and their toxins, triggering a cascade of protective reactions in the pulp mediated by odontoblasts. After recognition of the pathogen, odontoblasts produce antibacterial substances, among which the most important are beta-defensins (BD) and nitric oxide (NO). The pro-inflammatory effect of BD-2 can be exacerbated by chemoattraction of immature antigen-presenting dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4 memory cells, and natural killers by binding to chemokine receptors. Activation of TLR4 increases BD-2 gene expression, indicating different odontoblasts’ response to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Exogenous factors, such as microorganisms and their toxins in dental caries, gradually destroy odontoblasts, and the stem cells of the dental pulp are differentiated into odontoblast-like cells, which provide the formation of reparative (replacement, irregular, secondary) dentine. However, the factors involved in the differentiation of odontoblast precursors and odontoblast-like cells are not known to date. In deep dental caries, a significant destruction of the hard tooth tissues is determined with the formation of a large cavity, the walls of which may lose a layer of transparent and intact dentin, while the zone of the replacement dentin is more pronounced. Moreover, deep dental caries causes the prominent inflammatory processes in the dental pulp. In the deep layers of the carious cavity Lactobacilli are found, which make up the vast majority of all microorganisms in deep dental caries. This fact should be taken into account during treatment and use inlays with antimicrobial activity to maintain the viability of the pulp. Consequently, the development of dental caries and its course depends on the factors of virulence of the oral microorganisms and the severity of the compensatory protective mechanisms. Along with the processes of demineralization, the intensity of remineralization of the enamel and dentin is crucial. Superficial, medium and deep caries leads to changes in the dental pulp which should be considered in its treatment.

scholarly journals A statherin-derived peptide promotes hydroxyapatite crystallization and in situ remineralization of artificial enamel caries

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1647-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Wang ◽  
Xiuqing Wang ◽  
Haoran Li ◽  
Sainan Zheng ◽  
Qian Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Enamel Surface ◽  
Enamel Caries

A novel biomimetic peptide inspired by salivary statherin was developed and exhibited beneficial potentials in promoting remineralization of hydroxyapatite on tooth enamel surface, providing a desirable alternative restorative strategy against dental caries.

scholarly journals Impacts of sleep on the characteristics of dental biofilm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maki Sotozono ◽  
Nanako Kuriki ◽  
Yoko Asahi ◽  
Yuichiro Noiri ◽  
Mikako Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Dental Biofilm

AbstractDental biofilm present on the tooth surface is associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Because bacterial numbers rapidly increase in saliva during sleep, oral care before sleeping is recommended for the prevention of chronic oral diseases. However, temporal circadian changes in the quantity and quality of dental biofilms are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of sleeping on dental biofilm amounts and compositions by using an in situ model. The use of this in situ model enabled us to investigate dental biofilm formed in the oral cavity and to perform a quantitative analysis. Subjects began wearing oral splints in the morning or before sleeping, and biofilm samples were collected at 8, 16, and 24 h after the subjects began wearing oral splints; these samples were then used in various experiments. No significant changes in the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were caused by sleep. However, the relative abundances of genera related to periodontitis (i.e., Fusobacterium and Prevotella) increased after awakening. In conclusion, the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were not affected by sleep, and the abundances of obligate anaerobes increased after sleep. This research may aid in defining efficacious preventive oral care.

Saliva and Dental Caries

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lenander-Lumikari ◽  
V. Loimaranta
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Cariogenic Bacteria ◽  
Saliva Secretion

Caries is a unique multifactorial infectious disease. Our understanding of etiological factors, the progress of the disease, and the effectiveness of prophylactic procedures have led us to believe that we understand the disease. However, we still have too few answers to many questions: "Why can we not predict who will get the disease?" "Why do we not become immunized?" "How much saliva is enough?" or "Which salivary components are protective?" and "Which salivary components predispose for caries?" It is generally accepted, however, that saliva secretion and salivary components secreted in saliva are important for dental health. The final result, "caries to be or not to be", is a complex phenomenon involving internal defense factors, such as saliva, tooth surface morphology, general health, and nutritional and hormonal status, and a number of external factors-for example, diet, the microbial flora colonizing the teeth, oral hygiene, and fluoride availability. In this article, our aim is to focus on the effects of saliva and salivary constituents on cariogenic bacteria and the subsequent development of dental caries.

scholarly journals The Oral Microbiome in Dental Caries

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
IZABELA STRUŻYCKA
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Acidophilic Microorganisms ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Ph Level

Dental caries is one of the most common chronic and multifactorial diseases affecting the human population. The appearance of a caries lesion is determined by the coexistence of three main factors: acidogenic and acidophilic microorganisms, carbohydrates derived from the diet, and host factors. Socio-economic and behavioral factors also play an important role in the etiology of the disease. Caries develops as a result of an ecological imbalance in the stable oral microbiom. Oral microorganisms form dental plaque on the surfaces of teeth, which is the cause of the caries process, and shows features of the classic biofilm. Biofilm formation appears to be influenced by large scale changes in protein expression over time and under genetic control Cariogenic microorganisms produce lactic, formic, acetic and propionic acids, which are a product of carbohydrate metabolism. Their presence causes a decrease in pH level below 5.5, resulting in demineralization of enamel hydroxyapatite crystals and proteolytic breakdown of the structure of tooth hard tissues. Streptococcus mutans, other streptococci of the so-called non-mutans streptococci group, Actinomyces and Lactobacillus play a key role in this process. Dental biofilm is a dynamic, constantly active metabolically structure. The alternating processes of decrease and increase of biofilm pH occur, which are followed by the respective processes of de- and remineralisation of the tooth surface. In healthy conditions, these processes are in balance and no permanent damage to the tooth enamel surface occurs.

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