Direct reuse of Cu-laden wastewater for non-edible oil hydrolysis: basic mechanism of metal extraction and fatty acid production

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (30) ◽  
pp. 25359-25367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Ki Ong ◽  
Phuong Lan Tran Nguyen ◽  
Felycia Edi Soetaredjo ◽  
Suryadi Ismadji ◽  
Yi-Hsu Ju
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Oil Hydrolysis ◽  
Copper Soap

Copper soap from in situ reaction between Cu2+ and fatty acids facilitates water transfer into oil phase and catalyzes oil hydrolysis.

scholarly journals Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Umetani ◽  
Eshetu Janka ◽  
Michal Sposób ◽  
Chris J. Hulatt ◽  
Synne Kleiven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

A multigene approach secures hydroxy fatty acid production in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lunn ◽  
James G Wallis ◽  
John Browse
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Castor Seeds

Abstract A central goal of green chemistry is to produce industrially useful fatty acids in oilseed crops. Although genes encoding suitable fatty acid-modifying enzymes are available from more than a dozen wild species, progress has been limited because expression of these enzymes in transgenic plants produces only low yields of the desired products. For example, fatty acid hydroxylase 12 (FAH12) from castor (Ricinus communis) produces only 17% hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) when expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), compared to 90% HFA in castor seeds. The transgenic plants also have reduced oil content and seed vigor. Here, we review experiments that have provided for steady increases HFA accumulation and oil content. This research has led to exciting new discoveries of enzymes and regulatory processes in the pathways of both seed oil synthesis and lipid metabolism in other parts of the plant. Recent investigations have revealed that HFA-accumulating seeds are unable to rapidly mobilize HFA- containing triacylglycerol (TAG) storage lipid after germination to provide carbon and energy for seedling development, resulting in reduced seedling establishment. These findings present a new opportunity to investigate a different, key area of lipid metabolism - the pathways of TAG lipolysis and β-oxidation in germinating seedlings.

scholarly journals Uptake of algal carbon and the likely synthesis of an "essential" fatty acid by <i>Uvigerina</i> ex. gr. <i>semiornata</i> (Foraminifera) within the Pakistan margin oxygen minimum zone: evidence from fatty acid biomarker and <sup>13</sup>C tracer experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3729-3738 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Larkin ◽  
A. J. Gooday ◽  
C. Woulds ◽  
R. M. Jeffreys ◽  
M. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Oxygen Minimum Zone ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Minimum Zone ◽  
Oxygen Minimum ◽  
Tracer Experiments

Abstract. Foraminifera are an important component of benthic communities in oxygen-depleted settings, where they potentially play a significant role in the processing of organic matter. We tracked the uptake of a 13C-labelled algal food source into individual fatty acids in the benthic foraminiferal species Uvigerina ex. gr. semiornata from the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The tracer experiments were conducted on the Pakistan margin during the late/post monsoon period (August–October 2003). A monoculture of the diatom Thalassiosira weisflogii was 13C-labelled and used to simulate a pulse of phytoplankton in two complementary experiments. A lander system was used for in situ incubations at 140 m water depth and for 2.5 days in duration. Shipboard laboratory incubations of cores collected at 140 m incorporated an oxystat system to maintain ambient dissolved oxygen concentrations and were terminated after 5 days. Uptake of diatoms was rapid, with a high incorporation of diatom fatty acids into foraminifera after ~ 2 days in both experiments. Ingestion of the diatom food source was indicated by the increase over time in the quantity of diatom biomarker fatty acids in the foraminifera and by the high percentage of 13C in many of the fatty acids present at the endpoint of both in situ and laboratory-based experiments. These results indicate that

scholarly journals A Futile Metabolic Cycle of Fatty Acyl-CoA Hydrolysis and Resynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Its Disruption Leading to Fatty Acid Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Ikeda ◽  
Keisuke Takahashi ◽  
Tatsunori Ohtake ◽  
Ryosuke Imoto ◽  
Haruka Kawakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Mycolic Acids

Fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase (Tes) and acyl-CoA synthetase (FadD) catalyze opposing reactions between acyl-CoAs and free fatty acids. Within the genome of Corynebacterium glutamicum, several candidate genes for each enzyme are present, although their functions remain unknown. Modified expressions of the candidate genes in the fatty acid producer WTΔfasR led to identification of one tes gene (tesA) and two fadD genes (fadD5 and fadD15), which functioned positively and negatively in fatty acid production, respectively. Genetic analysis showed that fadD5 and fadD15 are responsible for utilization of exogenous fatty acids and that tesA plays a role in supplying fatty acids for synthesis of the outer layer components mycolic acids. Enzyme assays and expression analysis revealed that tesA, fadD5, and fadD15 were co-expressed to create a cyclic route between acyl-CoAs and fatty acids. When fadD5 or fadD15 was disrupted in wild-type C. glutamicum, both disruptants excreted fatty acids during growth. Double disruptions of them resulted in a synergistic increase in production. Additional disruption of tesA revealed a canceling effect on production. These results indicate that the FadDs normally shunt the surplus of TesA-generated fatty acids back to acyl-CoAs for lipid biosynthesis and that interception of this shunt provokes cells to overproduce fatty acids. When this strategy was applied to a fatty acid high-producer, the resulting fadDs-disrupted and tesA-amplified strain exhibited a 72% yield increase relative to its parent and produced fatty acids, which consisted mainly of oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid, on the gram scale per liter from 1% glucose. IMPORTANCE The industrial amino acid producer Corynebacterium glutamicum has currently evolved into a potential workhorse for fatty acid production. In this organism, we obtained evidence showing the presence of a unique mechanism of lipid homeostasis, namely, a formation of a futile cycle of acyl-CoA hydrolysis and resynthesis mediated by acyl-CoA thioesterase (Tes) and acyl-CoA synthetase (FadD), respectively. The biological role of the coupling of Tes and FadD would be to supply free fatty acids for synthesis of the outer layer components mycolic acids and to recycle their surplusage to acyl-CoAs for membrane lipid synthesis. We further demonstrated that engineering of the cycle in a fatty acid high-producer led to dramatically improved production, which provides a useful engineering strategy for fatty acid production in this industrially important microorganism.

scholarly journals Expressing a cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to increase free fatty acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Zhang ◽  
Mo Su ◽  
Ning Qin ◽  
Jens Nielsen ◽  
Zihe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ◽  
Cell Factory ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

Abstract Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being exploited as a cell factory to produce fatty acids and their derivatives as biofuels. Previous studies found that both precursor supply and fatty acid metabolism deregulation are essential for enhanced fatty acid synthesis. A bacterial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex expressed in the yeast cytosol was reported to enable production of cytosolic acetyl-CoA with lower energy cost and no toxic intermediate. Results Overexpression of the PDH complex significantly increased cell growth, ethanol consumption and reduced glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, to optimize the redox imbalance in production of fatty acids from glucose, two endogenous NAD+-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were deleted, and a heterologous NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was introduced. The best fatty acid producing strain PDH7 with engineering of precursor and co-factor metabolism could produce 840.5 mg/L free fatty acids (FFAs) in shake flask, which was 83.2% higher than the control strain YJZ08. Profile analysis of free fatty acid suggested the cytosolic PDH complex mainly resulted in the increases of unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:1). Conclusions We demonstrated that cytosolic PDH pathway enabled more efficient acetyl-CoA provision with the lower ATP cost, and improved FFA production. Together with engineering of the redox factor rebalance, the cytosolic PDH pathway could achieve high level of FFA production at similar levels of other best acetyl-CoA producing pathways.

Characterization of a Euphorbia lagascae epoxide hydrolase gene that is induced early during germination

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Edqvist ◽  
I. Farbos
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Vernolic Acid ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Transcription Pattern ◽  
Vicinal Diols ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In Euphorbia lagascae the major fatty acid in triacylglycerol is the epoxidated fatty acid vernolic acid (cis- 12-epoxyoctadeca-cis-9-enoic acid). The enzymic reactions occurring during the catabolism of epoxidated fatty acids during germination are not known, but it seems likely that the degradation requires the activity of an epoxide hydrolase. Epoxide hydrolases are a group of functionally related enzymes that catalyse the cofactor-independent hydrolysis of epoxides to their corresponding vicinal diols by the addition of a water molecule. Here we report the cloning and characterization of an epoxide hydrolase gene from E. lagascae. The structure of the gene is unusual since it lacks introns. A detailed investigation of the transcription pattern of the epoxide hydrolase gene shows that the gene is induced during germination. We have used in situ hybridization to identify in which tissues the gene is expressed during germination. We speculate that this epoxide hydrolase enzyme is involved in the catabolism of epoxidated fatty acids during germination of E. lagascae seeds.

scholarly journals Elucidation of carbon sources used for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols in the trypanosomatid Leishmania mexicana

1999 ◽  
Vol 342 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. GINGER ◽  
Michael L. CHANCE ◽  
L. John GOAD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Leishmania Mexicana ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Major Sterol

Sterols are necessary for the growth of trypanosomatid protozoans; sterol biosynthesis is a potential target for the use and development of drugs to treat the diseases caused by these organisms. This study has used 14C-labelled substrates to investigate the carbon sources utilized by promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana for the production of sterol [mainly ergosta-5,7,24(241)-trien-3β-ol] and the fatty acid moieties of the triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid (PL) of the organism. The isoprenoid precursor mevalonic acid (MVA) was incorporated into the sterols, and the sterol precursor squalene, by the promastigotes of L. mexicana. However, acetate (the precursor to MVA in most organisms) was a very poor substrate for sterol production but was readily incorporated into the fatty acids of TAG and PL. Other substrates (glucose, palmitic acid, alanine, serine and isoleucine), which are metabolized to acetyl-CoA, were also very poor precursors to sterol but were incorporated into TAG and PL and gave labelling patterns of the lipids similar to those of acetate. In contrast, the amino acid leucine was the only substrate to be incorporated efficiently into the squalene and sterol of L. mexicana promastigotes. Quantitative measurements revealed that at least 70-80% of the sterol synthesized by the promastigotes of L. mexicana is produced from carbon provided by leucine metabolism. Studies with the amastigote form of L. mexicana showed that in this case leucine was again the major sterol precursor, whereas acetate was utilized for fatty acid production.

Effect of substrate on fatty acid production in Nocardia asteroides

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Farshtchi ◽  
N. M. McClung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Pattern ◽  
Cellular Fatty Acid ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
The Media ◽  
Branched Chain

Cellular fatty acids of the six Nocardia asteroides strains grown on glucose, glucose and amino acids, glycerol, and Dubos oleic albumin complex were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Cells grown on each medium contained saturated, unsaturated, and branched-chain fatty acids. The fatty acids consisted of normal saturated C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, and C18; monoenoic C16 and C18; branched-chain C14, C15, and 10-methyl C18. Composition of the media affected cellular fatty acid content of N. asteroides strains qualitatively and quantitatively. Five of the six strains closely resembled each other, but one strain appeared to be different. The fatty acid pattern of Nocardia may be a useful criterion in differentiation of this genus from the closely related Mycobacterium and Streptomyces, which have a different fatty acid composition.

Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in an artificial rumen: III. A note on the volatile fatty acid production from crude fibre and grass cellulose

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John ◽  
G. Barnett ◽  
R. L. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

1. The findings presented in two previous papers on the yields of volatile fatty acids, obtained by the action of rumen liquor in the artificial rumen, from fresh grass, dried grass and the water-soluble and water-insoluble separates of the latter, have been amplified by a consideration of the acids similarly obtained from specimens of chemically prepared crude fibre and cellulose, from four of the dried grass specimens.2. The proportions of different volatile fatty acids from grass crude fibre and grass cellulose resemble those obtained from cellulose powder, propionic acid being produced in greatest relative yield.3. A general review of these latter findings, in relation to those already presented, has been given.

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