Design of a thermoregulated phase-separable system for homogeneous enzymolysis of cellulose

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 3067-3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Li ◽  
Xianhong Liu ◽  
Shitao Yu ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Fusheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urea Solution ◽  
Modified Cellulase

A novel thermoregulated phase-separable system for enzymolysis of cellulose by modified cellulase in a NaOH/urea solution.

scholarly journals Foliar Urea with N-(n-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide for Sustainable Yield and Quality of Pineapple in a Controlled Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6880
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amdadul Haque ◽  
Siti Zaharah Sakimin ◽  
Phebe Ding ◽  
Noraini Md. Jaafar ◽  
Mohd Khanif Yusop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Yield And Quality

In agricultural production, nitrogen loss leads to economic loss and is a high environmental risk affecting plant growth, yield, and quality. Use of the N fertilizer with a urease inhibitor is thus necessary to minimize N losses and increase the efficiency of N. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of N-(n-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) on the growth, yield, and quality of pineapple. The experiment involved two foliar fertilizer treatments: 1% (w/v) urea solution with NBPT (2.25 mL kg−1 urea) was treated as NLU (NBPT Liquid Urea), and the same concentration of urea without NBPT served as the control. Both were applied 12 times, starting 1 month after planting (MAP) and continuing once a month for 12 months. The application of urea with NBPT notably increased the above-ground dry biomass per plant (20% and 10% at 8 and 12 MAP, respectively), leaf area per plant (23% and 15% at 8 and 12 MAP, respectively), N accumulation per plant (10%), PFPN (Partial Factor Productivity) (13%), and average fruit weight (15%) compared to the treatment with urea alone (control). The analysis of quality parameters indicated that urea with NBPT improves TSS (Total Soluble Solids) (19%), ascorbic acid (10%), and sucrose (14%) but reduces the total organic acid content (21%) in pineapple. When using urea with a urease inhibitor (NBPT), there was a significant improvement in growth, yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency, with the additional benefit of reduced nitrogen losses, in combination with easy handling. Hence, urea with a urease inhibitor can be used as a viable alternative for increasing pineapple yield by boosting growth with better fruit quality.

Cellulase Hydrolysis of Rice Straw and Inactivation of Endoglucanase in Urea Solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (20) ◽  
pp. 10971-10975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ming Tao ◽  
Xin-Qi Xu ◽  
Su-Juan Ma ◽  
Ge Liang ◽  
Xiao-Bing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Cellulase Hydrolysis

scholarly journals Antigen retrieval technique utilizing citrate buffer or urea solution for immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptor in formalin-fixed paraffin sections.

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1599-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Shi ◽  
B Chaiwun ◽  
L Young ◽  
R J Cote ◽  
C R Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Antigen Retrieval ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed

We developed a staining protocol for demonstration of androgen receptor (AR) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The method is based on the antigen retrieval microwave (MW) heating technique. Results are compared with different types of enzyme digestion pre-treatments. The strongest immunostaining signal and clearest background were obtained by MW heating of dewaxed paraffin sections in 5% urea or citrate buffer solution (pH 6); pure distilled water gave less consistent results. Enzymatic digestion with pepsin (0.05% in 2 N HCl) for 30 min at room temperature, or trypsin followed by pronase, or pronase digestion alone, also produced enhanced staining of AR in some cases, but there was more nonspecific background, and specific reactivity was less intense. The antigen retrieval MW method can be used to demonstrate AR epitope in prostate tissue after fixation in formalin for as long as 7 days. AR immunolocalization was also compared in frozen and paraffin sections processed from the same specimen of prostate carcinoma tissue and was found to be qualitatively and quantitatively similar. This study also provided new information concerning the basic principles of the antigen retrieval MW method that may be helpful in further development of this technique.

Mechanism of cellulose gelation from aqueous alkali-urea solution

2012 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1298-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Isobe ◽  
Satoshi Kimura ◽  
Masahisa Wada ◽  
Shigenori Kuga
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Alkali ◽  
Urea Solution

Preparation of Poly(l-lactic acid) Capsule Encapsulating Fertilizer

2012 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
pp. 303-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Boontung ◽  
S. Moonmangmee ◽  
A. Chaiyasat ◽  
P. Chaiyasat
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Vacuum Oven ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Capsule Shell ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

In this work, poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) microencapsulated urea as fertilizer was prepared in water in oil in water (W/O/W) system. PLLA used as capsule shell was prepared by polycondensation of l-lactic acid with p-toluene sulfonic acid as a catalyst at 140 °C. The prepared PLLA was used to encapsulate urea. Firstly, the aqueous urea solution was dispersed in oil solution of PLLA and chloroform containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer with stirring at 800 rpm. Secondly, the water in oil emulsion was subsequently dispersed in PVA aqueous solution by stirring at 800 rpm to form W/O/W emulsion. Then, it was stirred for approximately 12 hours to evaporate chloroform in the system resulting in the formation of PLLA microencapsulated urea. It was finally centrifuged and dried in vacuum oven. The influence of water and oil phase ratio on the formation of capsule was studied. The obtained capsule was observed with an optical and scanning electron microscopes.

Upgrading wheat straw with urea at a tropical temperature: effects of amount of urea and moisture on in vitro digestibility and pH

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
I.U. Haq ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
On Farm

Urea-ammonia treatment of straws in the tropics involves mixing 1.0 kg of air dry straw with 1.0 kg of a 40 g/kg urea solution and storing under plastic for at least 4 weeks (Schiere and Ibrahim, 1989). The economics of treatment is dependent on the cost of urea. Treatment cost would reduce, if on-farm-produced urine, e.g. cow urine, could be used as a source of urea. However cow urine is dilute and may contain only 10 g/kg urea or less (Owen, 1993). The present study therefore investigated varying concentrations of urea solution for treating wheat straw at a tropical temperature.

scholarly journals The Impact of Changing Environmental Conditions on the Retention of Heavy Metals Adsorbed by Pine Bark

2017 ◽  
pp. 278-284
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Khokhotva
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Metal Leaching ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
The Impact

Landfills are widely used for the disposal of households' and industrial waste. Liquid landfill effluents contain heavy metals, are toxic to humans and ecosystems and have to be efficiently treated. One treatment option that is becoming popular is the reactive filter technology. The total efficiency of metal removal by a filter media greatly depends not only on adsorption itself, but also on the metal leaching from the adsorbent. The last parameter, in turn, may be dependant on changing environmental conditions since filters are usually located on open air and flow of contaminated water (landfill leachate, runoff water) has the intermittent nature. A filter material may dry, become frozen or stay wet, depending on a season. Previously adsorbed metals can leach from an adsorbent at the next flash of water, coming to water treatment facilities. Among others, pine bark has shown a high capacity to adsorb heavy metals from landfill leachates. In this study, pine bark has been pre-treated with urea-solution in order to increase its stability and adsorption properties. Within leaching experiments using either non-treated or pre-treated bark samples no significant influence of the changing environmental conditions on the extent of metal leaching was observed, though in most cases, metal leaching from wet bark samples exposed to freezing was somewhat higher. Zn leaching was the highest and Cu leaching the lowest for both NTB and UTB samples. The metal leaching from non-treated bark was several-fold higher compared to urea-treated bark. Possible mechanisms of barkurea interactions and reasons for enhanced metals adsorption by urea-modified bark are discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of 10% urea solution on epithelialization of thermally wounded gingiva

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Stevanka Djordjevic ◽  
Dragan Ivanovic ◽  
Tanja Ivanovic
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction. Urea is the final product of protein degradation secreted in saliva. It has low molecular weight and neutral molecule that can freely diffuse through bacterial wall, mature plaque and extracellular polysaccharides exerting a buffering effect. In the presence of urease, urea is broken down into one molecule of ammonia and two molecules of weak carbonic acid, causing alkalization of the substrate and pH increase. Hydrolysis of urea begins at pH 4-6. In mature plaque with low pH, urea hydrolysis is a compensatory mechanism that opposes pH decrease trying to keep an optimal acidbase balance. This mechanism explains the role of urea in controlling plaque, caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urea on the quality and speed of epithelialisation of thermally wounded gingiva in rats. Material and Methods. The study included 36 Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old, divided in three groups (12 in each group). According to the protocol thermal wounding of gingiva was performed in all animals. Wounded gingival epithelial tissue was treated with: 10% urea solution (experimental group), 3% hydrogen peroxide and saline (control groups). The extent and quality of epithelialisation was verified histologically after 3, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days. Results. There was a strong cellular infiltration and stromal edema with no significant morphological differences between groups in the samples analyzed after 3 days. The acceleration of epithelialisation in the experimental group observed in samples obtained after 5 days was evidenced by rapid mitotic division of epithelium and initial covering of defects in both directions. In samples obtained after 8 days, in the experimental group, epithelial defect was covered and in some areas cells were differentiated in vertical direction. After 11 days horizontal coverage of defects as well as accelerated cell differentiation in the vertical direction were noted. Restitutio ad integrum in the experimental group and significant delay in wound healing in the control groups was demonstrated in 14-day samples. Conclusion. Complete epithelialisation of gingiva occurred significantly faster in the group treated with 10% urea solution, than in the control groups treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and saline.

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