Optimization and validation of HRLC-MS method to identify and quantify triacylglycerol molecular species in human milk

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 4362-4370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeong-Mu Kim ◽  
Tae-Sik Park ◽  
Soon-Mi Shim
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Triacylglycerol Molecular Species ◽  
Human Milk Fat

Study of the determination of triacylglycerols (TAG) molecular species in human milk is necessary for understanding the absorption of human milk fat as well as designing milk fats for infant formulas.

scholarly journals Engineering the stereoisomeric structure of seed oil to mimic human milk fat

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (42) ◽  
pp. 20947-20952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrie van Erp ◽  
Fiona M. Bryant ◽  
Jose Martin-Moreno ◽  
Louise V. Michaelson ◽  
Govindprasad Bhutada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Middle Position ◽  
Human Milk Fat Substitute ◽  
Tag Biosynthesis ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Human Milk Fat

Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a class of structured lipid that is widely used as an ingredient in infant formulas. Like human milk fat, HMFS is characterized by enrichment of palmitoyl (C16:0) groups specifically at the middle (sn-2 or β) position on the glycerol backbone, and there is evidence that triacylglycerol (TAG) with this unusual stereoisomeric structure provides nutritional benefits. HMFS is currently made by in vitro enzyme-based catalysis because there is no appropriate biological alternative to human milk fat. Most of the fat currently used in infant formulas is obtained from plants, which exclude C16:0 from the middle position. In this study, we have modified the metabolic pathway for TAG biosynthesis in the model oilseed Arabidopsis thaliana to increase the percentage of C16:0 at the middle (vs. outer) positions by more than 20-fold (i.e., from ∼3% in wild type to >70% in our final iteration). This level of C16:0 enrichment is comparable to human milk fat. We achieved this by relocating the C16:0-specific chloroplast isoform of the enzyme lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) to the endoplasmic reticulum so that it functions within the cytosolic glycerolipid biosynthetic pathway to esterify C16:0 to the middle position. We then suppressed endogenous LPAT activity to relieve competition and knocked out phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase activity to promote the flux of newly made diacylglycerol directly into TAG. Applying this technology to oilseed crops might provide a source of HMFS for infant formula.

Lactational changes of fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants in human milk from healthy Chinese mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (8) ◽  
pp. 841-848
Author(s):  
Ke Wu ◽  
Jie Zhu ◽  
Lili Zhou ◽  
Liwei Shen ◽  
Yingyi Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Selective Transfer ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Chinese Mothers ◽  
Human Milk Fat ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms

AbstractHuman milk fat is specially tailored to supply the developing infant with adequate and balanced nutrients. The present study aimed to quantify the composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and carotenoids in human milk, with special emphasis on the lactational changes. Colostrum, transitional and mature milk samples were collected longitudinally from the same forty-two healthy, well-nourished Chinese mothers. Fatty acids were quantified by GC with carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and tocopherols (α-, γ-tocopherol) determined by HPLC. Total fatty acid (TFA) content increased from 15·09 g/l in colostrum to 32·57 g/l in mature milk with the percentages of DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) decreased. The ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA and ARA:DHA remained constant during lactation at about 11:1 and 1·3:1, respectively. Both α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol decreased over lactation with the ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol declined significantly from 7·21:1 to 4·21:1 (P < 0·001). Carotenoids all dropped from colostrum to mature milk as the less polar carotenes dropped by 88·67 %, while xanthophylls only dropped by 35·92 %. Lutein was predominated in both transitional and mature milk carotenoids (51·64–52·49 %), while colostrum carotenoids were mainly composed of lycopene (32·83 %) and β-carotene (30·78 %). The concentrations of tocopherols and xanthophylls but not carotenes were positively associated with TFA content in milk. These results suggested that colostrum and mature milk contained divergent lipid profiles and selective transfer mechanisms related to polarity might be involved. The present outcomes provide new insights for future breast-feeding studies, which also add in scientific evidences for the design of both initial and follow-on infant formulas.

scholarly journals Production of human milk fat substitute by engineered strains of Yarrowia lipolytica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govindprasad Bhutada ◽  
Guillaume Menard ◽  
Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro ◽  
Peter J Eastmond
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Fat Substitute ◽  
Human Milk Fat Substitute ◽  
Human Milk Fat

Human milk fat has a distinctive stereoisomeric structure where palmitic acid is esterified to the middle (sn-2) position on the glycerol backbone of the triacylglycerol and unsaturated fatty acids to the outer (sn-1/3) positions. This configuration allows for more efficient nutrient absorption in the infant gut. However, the fat used in most infant formulas originates from plants, which tend only to esterify palmitic acid to the sn-1/3 positions. Oleaginous yeasts provide an alternative source of lipids for human nutrition. However, these yeasts also exclude palmitic acid from the sn-2 position of their triacylglycerol. Here we show that Yarrowia lipolytica can be engineered to produce triacylglycerol with more than 60% of the palmitic acid in the sn-2 position, by expression of a lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase with palmitoyl-Coenzyme A specificity, such as LPAAT2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The engineered Y. lipolytica strains can be cultured on glycerol, glucose, palm oil or a mixture of substrates, under nitrogen limited condition, to produce triacylglycerol with a fatty acid composition that resembles human milk fat, in terms of the major molecular species; palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Culture on palm oil or a mixture of glucose and palm oil produced the highest lipid titre in shake flask culture and a triacylglycerol composition that is most similar with human milk fat. Our data show that an oleaginous yeast can be engineered to produce a human milk fat substitute (β-palmitate), that could potentially be used as an ingredient in infant formulas.

Preparation of human milk fat substitutes similar to human milk fat by enzymatic acidolysis and physical blending

LWT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 110818
Author(s):  
Xiaosan Wang ◽  
Zhuoneng Huang ◽  
Lei Hua ◽  
Feng Zou ◽  
Xinyi Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Human Milk Fat Substitutes ◽  
Enzymatic Acidolysis ◽  
Fat Substitutes ◽  
Physical Blending ◽  
Human Milk Fat

Structure of the human milk fat globule

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrielle Garcia ◽  
Sheila Innis
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Human Milk Fat
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