Methylation of softwood kraft lignin with dimethyl carbonate

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1077-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghamitra Sen ◽  
Shradha Patil ◽  
Dimitris S. Argyropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin

Methylation of lignin is essential for inducing thermal stability when a multitude of thermoplastic applications are envisaged.

scholarly journals Improved Procedure for Electro-Spinning and Carbonisation of Neat Solvent-Fractionated Softwood Kraft Lignin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inam Khan ◽  
Bongkot Hararak ◽  
Gerard Franklyn Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Solvent Fractionation ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Treatment Procedures ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin ◽  
Soluble Lignin

Abstract In general, the electro-spinning of lignin requires it to be functionalised and/or blended with synthetic or natural polymers. This paper reports on the use of solvent fractionated lignin-lignin blend to electro-spin BioChoice® softwood Kraft lignin. The blend consisted of acetone-soluble and ethanol-soluble lignin in a binary solvent of acetone and DMSO. Solvent fractionation was used to purify lignin where the ash content was reduced in the soluble lignin fractions from 1.24% to ~0.1%. The corresponding value for conventional acid-washing in sulphuric acid was 0.34%. A custom-made electro-spinning apparatus was used to produce the nano-fibres. Heat treatment procedures were developed for drying the electro-spun fibres prior to oxidation and carbonisation; this was done to prevent fibre fusion. The lignin fibres were oxidised at 250⁰C, carbonised at 1000⁰C and 1500⁰C. The cross-section of the fibres was circular and they were observed to be void-free. The longitudinal sections showed that the fibres were not fused. Thus, this procedure demonstrated that solvent fractionated lignin can be electro-spun without using plasticisers or polymer blends using common laboratory solvents and subsequently carbonised to produce carbon fibres with a circular cross-section.

scholarly journals Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Shubhankar Bhattacharyya ◽  
Leonidas Matsakas ◽  
Ulrika Rova ◽  
Paul Christakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Glass Transition Temperature ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Lignin Valorization ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Viable Biomass

A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.

Phosphorylated kraft lignin with improved thermal stability

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 1642-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Gao ◽  
Long Zhou ◽  
Shuangquan Yao ◽  
Chengrong Qin ◽  
Pedram Fatehi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Kraft Lignin

Carbohydrate-free and highly soluble softwood kraft lignin fractions by aqueous acetone evaporation fractionation

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Stiina Jääskeläinen ◽  
Pia Willberg Keyriläinen ◽  
Tiina Liitiä ◽  
Tarja Tamminen
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Aqueous Acetone ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin

scholarly journals Insights into the Potential of Hardwood Kraft Lignin to Be a Green Platform Material for Emergence of the Biorefinery

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1795
Author(s):  
Juliana M. Jardim ◽  
Peter W. Hart ◽  
Lucian Lucia ◽  
Hasan Jameel
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin ◽  
Structure Properties

Lignin is an abundant, renewable, and relatively cheap biobased feedstock that has potential in energy, chemicals, and materials. Kraft lignin, more specifically, has been used for more than 100 years as a self-sustaining energy feedstock for industry after which it has finally reached more widespread commercial appeal. Unfortunately, hardwood kraft lignin (HWKL) has been neglected over these years when compared to softwood kraft lignin (SWKL). Therefore, the present work summarizes and critically reviews the research and development (R&D) dealing specifically with HWKL. It will also cover methods for HWKL extraction from black liquor, as well as its structure, properties, fractionation, and modification. Finally, it will reveal several interesting opportunities for HWKL that include dispersants, adsorbents, antioxidants, aromatic compounds (chemicals), and additives in briquettes, pellets, hydrogels, carbon fibers and polymer blends and composites. HWKL shows great potential for all these applications, however more R&D is needed to make its utilization economically feasible and reach the levels in the commercial lignin market commensurate with SWKL. The motivation for this critical review is to galvanize further studies, especially increased understandings in the field of HWKL, and hence amplify much greater utilization.

Use of acetylated softwood kraft lignin as filler in synthetic polymers

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1310-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heonyoung Jeong ◽  
Jongshin Park ◽  
Sunghoon Kim ◽  
Jungmin Lee ◽  
Jae Whan Cho
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin
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