Photosensitive retinal pigments

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1417
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Pigments

Formation of 9-cis- and 11-cis-retinal pigments from bacteriorhodopsin by irradiating purple membrane in acid

Biochemistry ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 3825-3831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Maeda ◽  
Tatsuo Iwasa ◽  
Toru Yoshizawa
Keyword(s):  
Purple Membrane ◽  
Retinal Pigments

Formation of 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinal pigments by irradiating squid rhodopsin

Biochemistry ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1449-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio Maeda ◽  
Yoshinori Shichida ◽  
Toru Yoshizawa
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Pigments

Studies on the eyes of New Zealand parrot-fishes (Labridae)

1974 ◽  
Vol 186 (1084) ◽  
pp. 217-247 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Photoreceptor Layer ◽  
Cone Mosaic ◽  
Retinal Pigments

An investigation was made of the pigment epithelium and photoreceptor layer of the eyes of New Zealand parrot-fishes Pesudolabrus miles , P. celidotus and P. pittensis (Labridae). Eyes were studied by light and electron microscopy, and characteristics of the retinal pigments were investigated. The pigment epithelium contains numerous melanosomes in the basal region of the cell and red cylinders within the processes. Melanosomes and cylinders are dispersed slightly vitread during light- adaptation. The photoreceptors comprise long single cones, short single cones, double cones and rods. The cones possess a lateral sac connected to the outer segment, and well-developed calycal processes arising from the ellipsoid. Rods are without a lateral sac and have fewer and less regularly arranged calycal processes. The membranes of rod lamellae stacks are more widely spaced than those of cones and are deeply dissected by a few longitudinal fissures. Cones form a regular mosaic of squares throughout the depth of the retina scleral to the external limiting membrane. Rods are numerous and distributed throughout the cone mosaic with no particular patterns. Cones undergo only very limited radial movements, and long single cones are always buried in the pigment epithelium where they are surrounded by red pigment. Rods shorten in darkness and come to lie inside the pigment epithelium. The red material in the cylinders is apparently a new pigment; it absorbs strongly below 560 nm, and prevents all but red light from reaching the long single cones and the rods when extended. Several features and consequences of this organization are discussed.

scholarly journals THE PHOTOSENSITIVE RETINAL PIGMENTS OF FISHES FROM RELATIVELY TURBID COASTAL WATERS

1958 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Munz
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Spectral Transmission ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Spectral Absorption ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Partial Bleaching ◽  
Retinal Pigments

Digitonin extracts have been prepared from the retinae of a dozen species of marine and euryhaline teleost fishes from turbid water habitats. Spectrophotometric analysis of the extracts shows that the photosensitive retinal pigments of these species have maximum absorption above 500 mµ. In nine species there are retinene1 pigments with λmax between 504 and 512 mµ. In the marine but euryhaline mullet, Mugil cephalus, there is a porphyropsin with λmax 520 mµ. A mixture of rhodopsin and porphyropsin in an extract of a marine puffer, Sphoeroides annulatus, was disclosed by partial bleaching with colored light. In addition, one other species has a 508 mµ pigment, of which the nature of the chromophore was not determined. The habitats in which these fishes live are relatively turbid, with the water greenish or yellowish in color. The spectral transmission of such waters is probably maximal between 520 and 570 mµ. It is suggested that the fishes have become adapted to these conditions by small but significant shifts in spectral absorption of their retinal pigments. These pigments are decidedly more effective than rhodopsin in absorption of wavelengths above 500 mµ. This offers a possible interpretation of the confusing array of retinal pigments described from marine and euryhaline fishes.

The compound eyes of mantis shrimps (Crustacea, Hoplocarida, Stomatopoda). II. Colour pigments in the eyes of stomatopod crustaceans: polychromatic vision by serial and lateral filtering

1991 ◽  
Vol 334 (1269) ◽  
pp. 57-84 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Range ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Broad Spectral Range ◽  
Retinal Pigments

The stomatopod eye is divided into three distinct regions, two peripheral ‘hemispheres’ and a dividing mid-band. Each of these areas has a separate function and it is the six rows of ommatidia in the mid-band which are the main subject of study here. Rows one to four of the mid-band are probably not sensitive to polarized light (paper I ( Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond . B 334, 33—56 (1991))) and instead possess many structural features which suggest that they are concerned with colour analysis and perhaps colour vision. This, the second of two consecutive papers examines these adaptations in detail. They include brightly coloured intrarhabdomal filters, apparent lateral filters and a photoreceptor tiering system unique to the Crustacea. Cronin & Marshall ( J. comp. Physiol . 166, 261-275 (1989 b )) have shown that mid-band rows one to four contains at least eight distinct visual pigments. These, in combination with the structures described here allow the spectrum of light available to stomatopods to be sampled over a broad spectral range by receptors with narrowly tuned sensitivities. It is the photostable screening and filtering pigments, rather than the visual pigments, which are examined in detail in this paper. These have been divided into two categories: (i) the ‘standard’ retinal pigments, those that are often found in other crustacean eyes) (ii) the unusual’ retinal pigments: some of these are unique to stomatopod eyes and may be involved in colour vision.

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