ABSTRACTAccording to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, nearly 115,000 people in the U.S needed a lifesaving organ transplant in 2018, while only ∼10% of them have received it. Yet, almost no artificial FDA-approved products are commercially available today – three decades after the inception of tissue engineering. It is hypothesized here that the major bottlenecks restricting its progress stem from lack of access to the inner pore space of the scaffolds. Specifically, the inability to deliver nutrients to, and clear waste from, the center of the scaffolds limits the size of the products that can be cultured. Likewise, the inability to monitor, and control, the cells after seeding them into the scaffold results in nonviable tissue, with an unacceptable product variability. To resolve these bottlenecks, we present a prototype addressable microfluidics device capable of minimally disruptive fluid and cell manipulations within living cultures. As proof-of-concept, we demonstrate its ability to perform additive manufacturing by seeding cells in spatial patterns (including co-culturing multiple cell types); and subtractive manufacturing by removing surface adherent cells via focused flow of trypsin. Additionally, we show that the device can sample fluids and perform cell “biopsies” (which can be subsequently sent for ex-situ analysis), from any location within its Culture Chamber. Finally, the on-chip plumbing is completely automated using external electronics. This opens the possibility to perform long-term computer-driven tissue engineering experiments, where the cell behavior is modulated in response to the minimally disruptive observations (e.g. fluid sampling and cell biopsies) throughout the entire duration of the cultures. It is expected that the proof-of-concept technology will eventually be scaled up to 3D addressable microfluidic scaffolds, capable of overcoming the limitations bottlenecking the transition of tissue engineering technologies to the clinical setting.
A high-throughput microfluidic bilayer co-culture platform to study endothelial-pericyte interactions