scholarly journals Mammalian Brain Development is Accompanied by a Dramatic Increase in Bipolar DNA Methylation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-an Sun ◽  
Zhixiong Sun ◽  
Xiaowei Wu ◽  
Veena Rajaram ◽  
David Keimig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Mammalian Brain

scholarly journals DNA modifications in the mammalian brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1652) ◽  
pp. 20130512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehoon Shin ◽  
Guo-li Ming ◽  
Hongjun Song
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Epigenetic Mark ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Dna Modifications ◽  
Dna Elements ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuronal Functions

DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic mark in mammalian development, genomic imprinting, X-inactivation, chromosomal stability and suppressing parasitic DNA elements. DNA methylation in neurons has also been suggested to play important roles for mammalian neuronal functions, and learning and memory. In this review, we first summarize recent discoveries and fundamental principles of DNA modifications in the general epigenetics field. We then describe the profiles of different DNA modifications in the mammalian brain genome. Finally, we discuss roles of DNA modifications in mammalian brain development and function.

scholarly journals Global Epigenomic Reconfiguration During Mammalian Brain Development

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 341 (6146) ◽  
pp. 1237905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Lister ◽  
Eran A. Mukamel ◽  
Joseph R. Nery ◽  
Mark Urich ◽  
Clare A. Puddifoot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Single Base Resolution

DNA methylation is implicated in mammalian brain development and plasticity underlying learning and memory. We report the genome-wide composition, patterning, cell specificity, and dynamics of DNA methylation at single-base resolution in human and mouse frontal cortex throughout their lifespan. Widespread methylome reconfiguration occurs during fetal to young adult development, coincident with synaptogenesis. During this period, highly conserved non-CG methylation (mCH) accumulates in neurons, but not glia, to become the dominant form of methylation in the human neuronal genome. Moreover, we found an mCH signature that identifies genes escaping X-chromosome inactivation. Last, whole-genome single-base resolution 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) maps revealed that hmC marks fetal brain cell genomes at putative regulatory regions that are CG-demethylated and activated in the adult brain and that CG demethylation at these hmC-poised loci depends on Tet2 activity.

scholarly journals Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2693
Author(s):  
Gabriella Schiera ◽  
Carlo Maria Di Liegro ◽  
Italia Di Liegro
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cancer Proliferation ◽  
Fetal Thyroid ◽  
Genomic Effects ◽  
And Function

The development and maturation of the mammalian brain are regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause serious anomalies in the organization and function of the nervous system. Most importantly, brain development is sensitive to TH supply well before the onset of the fetal thyroid function, and thus depends on the trans-placental transfer of maternal THs during pregnancy. Although the mechanism of action of THs mainly involves direct regulation of gene expression (genomic effects), mediated by nuclear receptors (THRs), it is now clear that THs can elicit cell responses also by binding to plasma membrane sites (non-genomic effects). Genomic and non-genomic effects of THs cooperate in modeling chromatin organization and function, thus controlling proliferation, maturation, and metabolism of the nervous system. However, the complex interplay of THs with their targets has also been suggested to impact cancer proliferation as well as metastatic processes. Herein, after discussing the general mechanisms of action of THs and their physiological effects on the nervous system, we will summarize a collection of data showing that thyroid hormone levels might influence cancer proliferation and invasion.

scholarly journals Importance of the matriline for genomic imprinting, brain development and behaviour

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1609) ◽  
pp. 20110327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Keverne
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Evolutionary Origins

Mammalian brain development commences during foeto-placental development and is strongly influenced by the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes. The foetal placenta exerts considerable influence over the functioning of the adult maternal hypothalamus, and this occurs at the same time as the foetus itself is developing a hypothalamus. Thus, the action and interaction of two genomes in one individual, the mother, has provided a template for co-adaptive functions across generations that are important for maternal care and resource transfer, while co-adaptively shaping the mothering capabilities of each subsequent generation. The neocortex is complex, enabling behavioural diversity and cultural learning such that human individuals are behaviourally unique. Retrotransposons may, in part, be epigenetic mediators of such brain diversity. Interestingly some imprinted genes are themselves retrotransposon-derived, and retrotransposon silencing by DNA methylation is thought to have contributed to the evolutionary origins of imprint control regions. The neocortex has evolved to be adaptable and sustain both short-term and long-term synaptic connections that underpin learning and memory. The adapted changes are not themselves inherited, but the predisposing mechanisms for such epigenetic changes are heritable. This provides each generation with the same ability to make new adaptations while constrained by a transgenerational knowledge-based predisposition to preserve others.

DNA methylation in brain development and gliomagenesis

10.2741/1027 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. s175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F Costello
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Brain Development
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