scholarly journals Antitumor and Adjuvant Activity of λ-carrageenan by Stimulating Immune Response in Cancer Immunotherapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Luo ◽  
Bin Shao ◽  
Wen Nie ◽  
Xia-Wei Wei ◽  
Yu-Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Adjuvant Activity

scholarly journals Molecular and Clinical Characterization of LAG3 in Breast Cancer Through 2994 Samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Yihang Qi ◽  
Jie Zhai ◽  
Xiangyi Kong ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite the promising impact of cancer immunotherapy targeting CTLA4 and PD1/PDL1, a large number of cancer patients fail to respond. LAG3 (Lymphocyte Activating 3), also named CD233, is a protein Coding gene served as alternative inhibitory receptors to be targeted in the clinic. The impact of LAG3 on immune cell populations and co-regulation of immune response in breast cancer remained largely unknown. Methods To characterize the role of LAG3 in breast cancer, we investigated transcriptome data and associated clinical information derived from a total of 2994 breast cancer patients. Results We observed that LAG3 was closely correlated with major molecular and clinical characteristics, and was more likely to be enriched in higher malignant subtype, suggesting LAG3 was a potential biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, we estimated the landscape of relationship between LAG3 and ten types of cell populations in breast cancer. Gene ontology analysis revealed LAG3 were strongly correlated with immune response and inflammatory activities. We investigated the correlation pattern between LAG3 and immune modulators in pan-cancer, especially the synergistic role of LAG3 with other immune checkpoints members in breast cancer. Conclusions LAG3 expression was closely related to malignancy of breast cancer and might serve as a potential biomarker; LAG3 might plays an important role in regulating tumor immune microenvironment, not only T cells, but also other immune cells. More importantly, LAG3 might synergize with CTLA4, PD1/ PDL1 and other immune checkpoints, thereby lending more evidences to combination cancer immunotherapy by targeting LAG3, PD1/PDL1, and CTLA4 together.

scholarly journals The Mechanism of Stimulating and Mobilizing the Immune System Enhancing the Anti-Tumor Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengguo Wu ◽  
Shang Li ◽  
Xiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Cell Components

Cancer immunotherapy is a kind of therapy that can control and eliminate tumors by restarting and maintaining the tumor-immune cycle and restoring the body’s normal anti-tumor immune response. Although immunotherapy has great potential, it is currently only applicable to patients with certain types of tumors, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and cancer with high mutation load and microsatellite instability, and even in these types of tumors, immunotherapy is not effective for all patients. In order to enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, this article reviews the research progress of tumor microenvironment immunotherapy, and studies the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we focused on immunotherapy against tumor microenvironment (TME) and discussed the important research progress. TME is the environment for the survival and development of tumor cells, which is composed of cell components and non-cell components; immunotherapy for TME by stimulating or mobilizing the immune system of the body, enhancing the anti-tumor immunity. The checkpoint inhibitors can effectively block the inhibitory immunoregulation, indirectly strengthen the anti-tumor immune response and improve the effect of immunotherapy. We also found the checkpoint inhibitors have brought great changes to the treatment model of advanced tumors, but the clinical treatment results show great individual differences. Based on the close attention to the future development trend of immunotherapy, this study summarized the latest progress of immunotherapy and pointed out a new direction. To study the mechanism of stimulating and mobilizing the immune system to enhance anti-tumor immunity can provide new opportunities for cancer treatment, expand the clinical application scope and effective population of cancer immunotherapy, and improve the survival rate of cancer patients.

scholarly journals Infections due to dysregulated immunity: an emerging complication of cancer immunotherapy

Thorax ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2021-217260
Author(s):  
Tommaso Morelli ◽  
Kohei Fujita ◽  
Gil Redelman-Sidi ◽  
Paul T Elkington
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Common Side Effect ◽  
Inflammatory Immune Response ◽  
New Framework

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionised cancer treatment. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a common side effect which can mimic infection. Additionally, treatment of irAEs with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressant agents can lead to opportunistic infection, which we have classed as immunotherapy infections due to immunosuppression. However, emerging reports demonstrate that some infections can be precipitated by ICIs in the absence of immunosuppressive treatment, in contrast to the majority of reported cases. These infections are characterised by a dysregulated inflammatory immune response, and so we propose they are described as immunotherapy infections due to dysregulated immunity. This review summarises the rapidly emerging evidence of these phenomena and proposes a new framework for considering infection in the context of cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals The Use of Xanthan Gum as Vaccine Adjuvant: An Evaluation of Immunostimulatory Potential in BALB/c Mice and Cytotoxicity In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Andrade Schuch ◽  
Thaís Larré Oliveira ◽  
Thaís Farias Collares ◽  
Leonardo Garcia Monte ◽  
Guilherme Roig Inda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Cytotoxicity Effects ◽  
Nih 3T3

The successful production of new, safe, and effective vaccines that generate immunological memory is directly related to adjuvant feature, which is responsible for increasing and/or modulating the immune response. Several compounds display adjuvant activity, including carbohydrates. These compounds play important roles in the immune response, as well as having biocompatible properties in vaccine formulations. One such carbohydrate is xanthan gum, a polysaccharide that is produced by the plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas spp., which has adjuvant attributes. This study evaluated the immune response induced by xanthan gum associated with ovalbumin in BALB/c mice, which were subcutaneously immunized, in terms of antibody production (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3), and assessed the levels of IFN-γ in the splenocyte culture using indirect ELISA. Furthermore, we investigated in vitro cytotoxicity of xanthan in the embryo fibroblasts cell line of the NIH/3T3 mouse by MTT assay and propidium iodide uptake assay. The mice immunized with ovalbumin plus xanthan gum exhibited higher antibody IgG1 responses than control groups. Furthermore, the xanthan polysaccharide was capable of increasing the immunogenicity of antigens by producing IFN-γ and did not exhibit cytotoxicity effects in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, considered a promising candidate for vaccine adjuvant.

Adjuvant activity of type I interferons

2008 ◽  
Vol 389 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Tovey ◽  
Christophe Lallemand ◽  
George Thyphronitis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Type I Ifns

AbstractType I interferons (IFNs) produced primarily by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as part of the innate immune response to infectious agents induce the maturation of myeloid DCs and enhance antigen presentation. Type I IFNs also enhance apoptosis of virus-infected cells, stimulate cross priming and enhanced presentation of viral peptides. Type I IFNs are powerful polyclonal B-cell activators that induce a strong primary humoral immune response characterized by isotype switching and protection against virus challenge. Type I IFNs stimulate an IgG2a antibody response characteristic of Th1 immunity when ad-mixed with influenza virus vaccine and injected intramuscurarly (i.m.) or administered intranasally. The adjuvant activity of type I IFNs has been shown to involve direct effects of IFN on B-cells, effects on T-cells, as well as effects on antigen presentation. Oromucosal administration of type I IFNs concomitantly with i.m. injection of vaccine alone can also enhance the antibody response to influenza vaccination by enhancing trafficking of antigen-presenting cells towards the site of vaccination. Recombinant IFNs are potent adjuvants that may find application in both parenterally and mucosally administered vaccines.

scholarly journals The Sulfated Polysaccharides of Brown Algae and Products of Their Enzymatic Transformation as Potential Vaccine Adjuvants

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Kuznetsova ◽  
Elena V. Persiyanova ◽  
Svetlana P. Ermakova ◽  
Maxim Yu. Khotimchenko ◽  
Natalya N. Besednova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Enzymatic Transformation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Action

The review is devoted to critical analysis of literature data, deal with effects and mechanisms of action of sulfated polysaccharides (PSs) – fucoidans from brown algae and products of their enzymatic transformation as potential adjuvants for enhancement of anti-infective and antitumor immune response. Numerous experimental data indicate that sulfated PSs demonstrate properties of vaccine adjuvants. Application perspectiveness of fucoidans as vaccine adjuvants is defined by their high biocompatibility, low-toxicity, safety and good tolerance by macroorganism, and also mechanisms of their immunomodulatory action. In particular, fucoidans are agonists of receptors of innate immunity and strong inducers of cellular and humoral immune response. At presenting the data of structural - functional interrelations, attention focused to the defining role of degree of sulfation, uronic acids and polyphenols contents, and also molecular mass in actions of fucoidans to innate and adaptive immunity cells. Insufficiency of literary data on studying of correlation of structure – physicochemical characteristics with adjuvanticities of the sulfated PSs, and also the problem of standardization of their active fractions are noted. Special attention is paid to the analysis of immunomodulatory and adjuvant activity of fucoidan oligosaccharides. Presented here results of experimental trial indicate that, despite the difficulties due to preparation of highly purified structurally characterized fractions and complex structure of fucoidans, these substances can be used as safe and effective adjuvants in vaccines against various pathogens including viruses, and also in antitumor vaccines.

scholarly journals Mast cell-dependent adjuvant activity is a key component of the respiratory immune response to inhaled Alternaria

2019 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. AB90
Author(s):  
Sachin K. Samuchiwal ◽  
Lora Bankova ◽  
Daniel F. Dwyer ◽  
Yoshihide Kanaoka ◽  
Nora A. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Adjuvant Activity

scholarly journals Nanoparticles for the multivalent presentation of a TnThr mimetic and as tool for solid state NMR coating investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 1471-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Papi ◽  
Giulia Targetti ◽  
Linda Cerofolini ◽  
Claudio Luchinat ◽  
Marco Fragai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Solid State Nmr ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Solid System

Abstract The fully characterization of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and of tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) have opened the avenue of cancer immunotherapy. The intrinsic poor immunogenicity of TACAs, however, spotlighted the importance of multivalent presentation of the antigen(s) to trigger an immune response. Nanoparticles are excellent scaffolds for this purpose. Here we reported on the easy glycosylation of iron-based and biocompatible dextran-based nanoparticles with 1, a mimetic of the TnThr antigen. The multivalent presentation of 1 induced the induction of TNF-α and IL-6/IL10, respectively. The multivalent glycosylation of silica nanoparticles (GSiNPs) was also performed and saccharide loading qualitative assessed by solid state NMR. Our results offer the proof of concept that biomolecules coating can also be investigated on solid system by NMR.

scholarly journals Roles for the IKK-Related Kinases TBK1 and IKKε in Cancer

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Durand ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Albert Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Iκb Kinase

While primarily studied for their roles in innate immune response, the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKε also promote the oncogenic phenotype in a variety of cancers. Additionally, several substrates of these kinases control proliferation, autophagy, cell survival, and cancer immune responses. Here we review the involvement of TBK1 and IKKε in controlling different cancers and in regulating responses to cancer immunotherapy.

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