scholarly journals The Brain/MINDS 3D digital marmoset brain atlas

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Woodward ◽  
Tsutomu Hashikawa ◽  
Masahide Maeda ◽  
Takaaki Kaneko ◽  
Keigo Hikishima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Atlas ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals SAT-606 Distribution of Beta Klotho Gene Expression in the Mouse Brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca S Bono ◽  
Persephone A Miller ◽  
Nikita K Koziel Ly ◽  
Melissa J Chee
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Lateral Olfactory Tract ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has emerged as a critical endocrine factor for understanding the neurobiology of obesity, such as by the regulation thermogenesis, food preference, and metabolism, as well as for neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury. FGF21 is synthesized primarily by the liver and pancreas then crosses the blood brain barrier to exert its effects in the brain. However, the sites of FGF21 action in the brain is not well-defined. FGF21 action requires the activation of FGF receptor 1c as well as its obligate co-receptor beta klotho (KLB). In order to determine the sites of FGF21 action, we mapped the distribution of Klb mRNA by in situ hybridization using RNAscope technology. We labeled Klb distribution throughout the rostrocaudal axis of male wildtype mice by amplifying Klb hybridization using tyramine signal amplification and visualizing Klb hybridization using Cyanine 3 fluorescence. The resulting Klb signal appears as punctate red “dots,” and each Klb neuron may express low (1–4 dots), medium (5–9 dots), or high levels (10+ dots) of Klb hybridization. We then mapped individual Klb expressing neuron to the atlas plates provided by the Allen Brain Atlas in order to determine Klb distribution within the substructures of each brain region, which are defined by Nissl-based parcellations of cytoarchitectural boundaries. The distribution of Klb mRNA is widespread throughout the brain, and the brain regions analyzed thus far point to notable expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and the cerebral cortex. The highest expression of Klb was localized to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, which contained low and medium Klb-expressing neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus while low expressing Klb neurons were seen in the paraventricular and dorsmedial hypothalamic nucleus. Hippocampal Klb expression was limited to the dorsal region and largely restricted to the pyramidal cell layer of the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA2, and CA1 but at low levels only. In the amygdala, low and medium Klb expressing cells were seen in lateral amygdala nucleus while low levels were observed in the basolateral amygdala nucleus. Cortical Klb expression analyzed thus far included low Klb-expressing neurons in the olfactory areas, including layers 2 and 3 of piriform cortex and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. These findings are consistent with the known roles of FGF21 in the central regulation of energy balance, but also implicates potentially wide-ranging effects of FGF21 such as in executive functions.

scholarly journals The Brain/MINDS 3D digital marmoset brain atlas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Woodward ◽  
Tsutomu Hashikawa ◽  
Masahide Maeda ◽  
Takaaki Kaneko ◽  
Keigo Hikishima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
File Format ◽  
Modal Data ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Marmoset Monkey ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Primate

AbstractWe present a new 3D digital brain atlas of the non-human primate, common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), with MRI and coregistered Nissl histology data. To the best of our knowledge this is the first comprehensive digital 3D brain atlas of the common marmoset having normalized multi-modal data, cortical and sub-cortical segmentation, and in a common file format (NIfTI). The atlas can be registered to new data, is useful for connectomics, functional studies, simulation and as a reference.The atlas was based on previously published work but we provide several critical improvements to make this release valuable for researchers. Nissl histology images were processed to remove illumination and shape artifacts and then normalized to the MRI data. Brain region segmentation is provided for both hemispheres. The data is in the NIfTI format making it easy to integrate into neuroscience pipelines, whereas the previous atlas was in an inaccessible file format. We also provide cortical, mid-cortical and white matter boundary segmentations useful for visualization and analysis.

The Brain Atlas Glow Up: Utilizing Autofluorescence to Enhance Contrast Between White and Gray Matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Jake Shearer ◽  
Maureen Stabio ◽  
Victor Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Global differential expression of genes located in the Down Syndrome Critical Region in normal human brain

2014 ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Cesar Montoya ◽  
Dianora Fajardo ◽  
Ángela Peña ◽  
Adalberto Sánchez ◽  
Martha C Domínguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Critical Region ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Normal Human Brain ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Background: The information of gene expression obtained from databases, have made possible the extraction and analysis of data related with several molecular processes involving not only in brain homeostasis but its disruption in some neuropathologies; principally in Down syndrome and the Alzheimer disease. Objective: To correlate the levels of transcription of 19 genes located in the Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR) with their expression in several substructures of normal human brain. Methods: There were obtained expression profiles of 19 DSCR genes in 42 brain substructures, from gene expression values available at the database of the human brain of the Brain Atlas of the Allen Institute for Brain Sciences", (http://human.brain-map.org/). The co-expression patterns of DSCR genes in brain were calculated by using multivariate statistical methods. Results: Highest levels of gene expression were registered at caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen among central areas of cerebral cortex. Increased expression levels of RCAN1 that encode by a protein involved in signal transduction process of the CNS were recorded for PCP4 that participates in the binding to calmodulin and TTC3; a protein that is associated with differentiation of neurons. That previously idenjpgied brain structures play a crucial role in the learning process, in different class of memory and in motor skills. Conclusion: The precise regulation of DSCR gene expression is crucial to maintain the brain homeostasis, especially in those areas with high levels of gene expression associated with a remarkable process of learning and cognition.

Interlude: Neurodiversity in the Age of the Brain Atlas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Tougaw
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
European Race ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cultural Responses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The U.S

In this interlude, Tougaw examines two major cultural responses to advances in neuroscience: neurodiversity politics and the U.S.-European race to “map” the brain in the hope of creating a dynamic digital “brain atlas.” While neurodiversity activists emphasize the difference from one human brain to another, the brain atlas projects aim to create a composite of the human brain. The interlude examines the inevitable contradictions that arise from both points of view, arguing that both are valuable but that neurodiversity politics and scientific efforts to map the composite brain would benefit from more mutual dialogue.

TOWARDS COMPUTING BRAIN DEFORMATIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND NEUROSURGICAL SIMULATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAROL MILLER ◽  
ZEIKE TAYLOR ◽  
WIESLAW L. NOWINSKI
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Element Mesh ◽  
Tissue Model ◽  
Surgical Tool ◽  
The Brain

The objective of our research is to create a system computing brain deformations. We have in view both clinical and training applications, such as "brain shift" calculation, prognosis and diagnosis of development of brain diseases as well as surgical simulators for planning and education. In this paper, we specifically address issues related to creating geometrically and mechanically precise representations of the brain. The method comprises of the following steps: (1) development of a 3D anatomical brain atlas, (2) construction of a finite element mesh of the atlas, (3) creation of a mathematical model, and (4) development of an efficient computational model. We discuss two types of approaches to model deformation behavior of the brain: single-phase brain tissue model, suitable for analysis of relatively short events such as surgical actions; and bi-phasic brain tissue model, well suited for calculations leading to prognosis of the development of diseases. As an illustration of the presented concepts we provide examples of 3D meshing, calculation of reaction force acting on a surgical tool using a single-phase mathematical model, and calculations of the development of hydrocephalus and the effects of tumor growth using the bi-phasic modeling approach.

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