scholarly journals Somatostatin cells regulate sensory response fidelity via subtractive inhibition in olfactory cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Sturgill ◽  
Jeffry S Isaacson
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Somatostatin Cells

scholarly journals Dynamic inhibition of sensory responses mediated by an olfactory corticofugal system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Medinaceli Quintela ◽  
Jennifer Bauer ◽  
Lutz Wallhorn ◽  
Daniela Brunert ◽  
Markus Rothermel
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Anterior Olfactory Nucleus ◽  
Output Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Processing ◽  
Tufted Cells ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Sensory Evoked

AbstractProcessing of sensory information is substantially modulated by centrifugal projections from higher cortical areas, yet their behavioral relevance and underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear in most cases. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is part of the olfactory cortex and its extensive connections to lower and higher brain centers put it in a prime position to modulate early sensory information in the olfactory system. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of AON neurons in awake animals was not perceived as an odorant equivalent cue. However, AON activation during odorant presentation reliably suppressed odor responses. This AON mediated effect was fast and constant across odors and concentrations. Likewise, activation of glutamatergic AON projections to the olfactory bulb (OB) transiently inhibited the excitability of mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) that relay olfactory input to cortex. Single-unit MTC recordings revealed that optogenetic activation of glutamatergic AON terminals in the OB transiently decreased sensory-evoked MTC spiking, regardless of the strength or polarity of the sensory response. These findings suggest that glutamatergic AON projections to the OB suppress early olfactory processing by inhibiting OB output neurons and that the AON can dynamically gate sensory throughput to the cortex.Significance StatementThe anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) as an olfactory information processing area sends extensive projections to lower and higher brain centers but the behavioral consequences of its activation have been scarcely investigated. Using behavioral tests in combination with optogenetic manipulation we show that in contrast to what has been suggested previously, the AON does not seem to form odor percepts but instead suppresses odor responses across odorants and concentrations. Furthermore, this study shows that glutamatergic cortical projections to the olfactory bulb suppress olfactory processing by inhibiting output neurons, pointing to a potential mechanisms by which the olfactory cortex can actively and dynamically gate sensory throughput to higher brain centers.HighlightsAON stimulation suppresses odor responses across odorants and concentrationsAON activation is not perceived as an odorant equivalent cueThe AON dynamically shapes olfactory bulb output on a fast timescaleAON input to the olfactory bulb strongly suppresses mitral/tufted cells firing

scholarly journals Sensory Profile of Adults with Reduced Food Intake and the Potential Roles of Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Eve Mathieu ◽  
Ryan E R Reid ◽  
Neil A King
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Nutrition And Physical Activity ◽  
Sensory Training

ABSTRACT The sensory profile, referring to sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch, plays an essential role in optimizing the habitual intake of energy and macronutrients. However, specific populations, such as older adults, are known to have impaired energy intake. In this paper, the relevance of sensory impairments in this older population is described, and the extent to which nutritional and physical activity interventions can modulate these sensory responses when food intake is insufficient is explored. With aging, all senses deteriorate, and in most cases, such deteriorations diminish the nutritional response. The only exception is sight, for which both positive and negative impacts on nutritional response have been reported. From a prevention perspective, nutritional interventions have been understudied, and to date, only hearing is known to be positively affected by a good nutritional profile. In comparison, physical activity has been more frequently studied in this context, and is linked to an improved preservation of 4 senses. Regarding treatment, very few studies have directly targeted sensory training, and the focus of research has tended to be on nutrition and physical activity intervention. Sensory training, and nutritional and physical activity treatments all have beneficial effects on the senses. In the future, researchers should focus on exploring gaps in the literature specifically concerning prevention, treatment, and sensory response to understand how to improve the efficacy of current approaches. In order to maintain sensory acuity and recover from sensory impairment, the current state of knowledge supports the importance of improving nutritional habits as well as physical activity early on in life. A combined approach, linking a detailed lifestyle profile with the assessment of numerous senses and one or more interventional approaches (nutrition, physical activity, sensory training, etc.), would be required to identify effective strategies to improve the nutritional state of older individuals.

Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Somatostatin Cells of Rat Pancreas and Hypothalamus*

Endocrinology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 2238-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER KRISTENSEN ◽  
JENS HØIRIIS NIELSEN ◽  
LARS-INGE LARSSON ◽  
KELD DANØ
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Rat Pancreas ◽  
Type Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Somatostatin Cells

scholarly journals Dental Pulp Testing: A Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Chen ◽  
Paul V. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Sensory Response ◽  
Diagnostic Aid ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Pulp Vitality

Dental pulp testing is a useful and essential diagnostic aid in endodontics. Pulp sensibility tests include thermal and electric tests, which extrapolate pulp health from sensory response. Whilst pulp sensibility tests are the most commonly used in clinical practice, they are not without limitations and shortcomings. Pulp vitality tests attempt to examine the presence of pulp blood flow, as this is viewed as a better measure of true health than sensibility. Laser Doppler flowmetry and pulse oximetry are examples of vitality tests. Whilst the prospect is promising, there are still many practical issues that need to be addressed before vitality tests can replace sensibility tests as the standard clinical pulp diagnostic test. With all pulp tests, the results need to be carefully interpreted and closely scrutinised as false results can lead to misdiagnosis which can then lead to incorrect, inappropriate, or unnecessary treatment.

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