Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum

Nature ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 433 (7028) ◽  
pp. 873-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anitha Pasupathy ◽  
Earl K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Time Courses

scholarly journals Representation of actions and outcomes in medial prefrontal cortex during delayed conditional decision-making: Population analyses of single neuron activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 239821281877386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda J. Francoeur ◽  
Robert G. Mair
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Single Neuron Activity ◽  
Temporal Organisation ◽  
Matching To Position

Background: To respond adaptively in a dynamic environment, it is important for organisms to utilise information about recent events to decide between response options. Methods: To examine the role of medial prefrontal cortex in adaptive decision-making, we recorded single neuron activity in rats performing a dynamic delayed non-matching to position task. Results: We recorded activity from 1335 isolated neurons, 458 (34%) with criterion event-related activity, of which 431 (94%) exhibited 1 of 10 distinct excitatory response types: five at different times relative to delivery (or lack) of reinforcement following sample and choice responses and five correlated with movements or lever press actions that occurred multiple times in each trial. Normalised population averages revealed a precisely timed cascade of population responses representing the temporal organisation behavioural events that constitute delayed non-matching to position trials. Firing field analyses identified a subset of neurons with restricted spatial fields: responding to the conjunction of a behavioural event with a specific location. Anatomical analyses showed considerable overlap in the distribution of different response types in medial prefrontal cortex with a significant trend for dorsal areas to contain more neurons with action-related activity and ventral areas more responses related to action outcomes. Conclusion: These results indicate that medial prefrontal cortex contains discrete populations of neurons that represent the temporal organisation of actions and outcomes during delayed non-matching to position trials. They support the hypothesis that medial prefrontal cortex promotes flexible control of complex behaviours by action–outcome contingencies.

Prefrontal Task-Related Activity Representing Visual Cue Location or Saccade Direction in Spatial Working Memory Tasks

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Takeda ◽  
Shintaro Funahashi
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Visual Cue ◽  
Response Period ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

To examine what kind of information task-related activity encodes during spatial working memory processes, we analyzed single-neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex while two monkeys performed two different oculomotor delayed-response (ODR) tasks. In the standard ODR task, monkeys were required to make a saccade to the cue location after a 3-s delay, whereas in the rotatory ODR (R-ODR) task, they were required to make a saccade 90° clockwise from the cue location after the 3-s delay. By comparing the same task-related activities in these two tasks, we could determine whether such activities encoded the location of the visual cue or the direction of the saccade. One hundred twenty one neurons exhibited task-related activity in relation to at least one task event in both tasks. Among them, 41 neurons exhibited directional cue-period activity, most of which encoded the location of the visual cue. Among 56 neurons with directional delay-period activity, 86% encoded the location of the visual cue, whereas 13% encoded the direction of the saccade. Among 57 neurons with directional response-period activity, 58% encoded the direction of the saccade, whereas 35% encoded the location of the visual cue. Most neurons whose response-period activity encoded the location of the visual cue also exhibited directional delay-period activity that encoded the location of the visual cue as well. The best directions of these two activities were identical, and most of these response-period activities were postsaccadic. Therefore this postsaccadic activity can be considered a signal to terminate unnecessary delay-period activity. Population histograms encoding the location of the visual cue showed tonic sustained activation during the delay period. However, population histograms encoding the direction of the saccade showed a gradual increase in activation during the delay period. These results indicate that the transformation from visual input to motor output occurs in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The analysis using population histograms suggests that this transformation occurs gradually during the delay period.

scholarly journals Movement-related activity during goal-directed hand actions in the monkey ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 2882-2894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Simone ◽  
Stefano Rozzi ◽  
Marco Bimbi ◽  
Leonardo Fogassi
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

scholarly journals Macaque Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Does not Suppress Saccade-Related Activity in the Superior Colliculus

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1373-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Johnston ◽  
Michael J. Koval ◽  
Stephen G. Lomber ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

scholarly journals Effective connectivity and spatial selectivity-dependent fMRI changes elicited by microstimulation of pulvinar and LIP

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Kagan ◽  
Lydia Gibson ◽  
Elena Spanou ◽  
Melanie Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
List Type ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Spatial Selectivity

AbstractThe thalamic pulvinar and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) share reciprocal anatomical connections and are part of an extensive cortical and subcortical network involved in spatial attention and oculomotor processing. The goal of this study was to compare the effective connectivity of dorsal pulvinar (dPul) and LIP and to probe the dependency of microstimulation effects on task demands and spatial tuning properties of a given brain region. To this end, we applied unilateral electrical microstimulation in the dPul and LIP in combination with event-related BOLD fMRI in monkeys performing fixation and memory-guided saccade tasks. Microstimulation in both dPul and LIP enhanced task-related activity in monosynaptically-connected prefrontal cortex and along the superior temporal sulcus (STS) as well as in extrastriate cortex. Both dPul and LIP stimulation also elicited activity in several cortical areas in the opposite hemisphere, implying polysynaptic propagation of excitation. LIP microstimulation elicited strong activity in the opposite homotopic LIP while no homotopic activation was found during dPul stimulation. Despite extensive activation along the intraparietal sulcus evoked by LIP stimulation, there was a difference in frontal and occipital connectivity elicited by posterior and anterior LIP stimulation sites. Comparison of dPul stimulation with the adjacent but functionally distinct ventral pulvinar also showed distinct connectivity. On the level of single trial timecourses within a region, most microstimulation regions did not show task-dependence of stimulation-elicited response modulation. Across regions, however, there was an interaction between the task and the stimulation, and task-specific correlations between the initial spatial selectivity and the magnitude of stimulation effect were observed. Consequently, stimulation-elicited modulation of task-related activity was best fitted by an additive model scaled down by the initial response amplitude. In summary, we identified overlapping and distinct patterns of thalamocortical and corticocortical connectivity of the two key visuospatial areas, highlighting the dorsal bank and fundus of STS as a prominent node of shared circuitry. Spatial task-specific and partly polysynaptic modulations of cue and saccade planning delay period activity in both hemispheres exerted by unilateral pulvinar and parietal stimulation provide insight into the distributed interhemispheric processing underlying spatial behavior.HighlightsElectrical stimulation of pulvinar and LIP was used to study fMRI effective connectivityBoth regions activated prefrontal cortex and the dorsal bank of superior temporal sulcusActivations within and across hemispheres suggest polysynaptic propagationStimulation effects show interactions between task- and spatial selectivityStimulation effects are best fitted by an additive model scaled by the initial response

Effects of dopamine antagonists on neuronal activity related to a delayed response task in monkey prefrontal cortex

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1401-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sawaguchi ◽  
M. Matsumura ◽  
K. Kubota
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
D1 Receptors ◽  
Dopamine Antagonists ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Monkey Prefrontal Cortex

1. Using iontophoretic techniques, we investigated the influence of dopamine (DA) antagonists [haloperidol (HAL), a non-selective DA antagonist; sulpiride (SUL), a selective antagonist for D2 receptors; and fluphenazine (FLU), a potent antagonist for D1 receptors] on neuronal activity related to a delayed response (DR) task in the monkey prefrontal cortex (PFC). The DR task was initiated by the rotation of a handle to a central zone and consisted of seven distinct periods: an initial intertrial interval of 0.3 s, a precue period of 1 s (a center green lamp), a cue period of 1 s (left or right lamp), a delay period of 4 s, a go period (red lamp in the center; rotation of the handle to either the left or right zone), a hold period (holding of the handle in either the left or right zone), and a final reward period. Because it was shown, as described in the companion paper (Sawaguchi et al. 1990), that DA augments the increased activity of prefrontal neurons related to the cue, delay, and go periods of the DR task, effects of the DA antagonists were examined in a total of 61 neurons that showed increases in activity related to these periods and a response to DA. 2. Consistent with previous studies (Sawaguchi et al. 1988a, 1990), iontophoretically applied DA increased DR task-related activity in prefrontal neurons. Iontophoretically applied HAL and FLU antagonized the increased effect of DA on the task-related activity. By contrast, SUL did not have any clear effects on the influence of DA. 3. By themselves, HAL and FLU reduced prefrontal neuronal activity related to the cue, delay, and go periods of the DR task. The ratio of the reduction by HAL and FLU was significantly larger for activity during the cue, delay, or go period than for background activity during the precue period; and, as a result, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the task-related activity to background activity was reduced during the application of HAL and FLU. In contrast, SUL did not have any clear effects on activity related to the cue, delay, and go periods of the DR task, and the S/N ratio during the application of SUL did not significantly differ from that before the application of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Prefrontal Cortex Activity Associated with Source Monitoring in a Working Memory Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 921-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Mitchell ◽  
Marcia K. Johnson ◽  
Carol L. Raye ◽  
Erich J. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
Evaluative Processes

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during remembering specific source information (format, location judgments) versus remembering that could be based on undifferentiated information, such as familiarity (old/new recognition [ON], recency judgments). A working memory (WM) paradigm with an immediate test yielded greater activation in the lateral PFC for format and location source memory (SM) tasks than ON recognition; this SM-related activity was left lateralized. The same regions of PFC were recruited in Experiment 2 when information was tested immediately and after a filled delay. Substituting recency for location judgments (Experiment 3) resulted in an overall shift in task context that produced greater right PFC activity associated with ON and recency tasks compared to the format task, in addition to left SM-related activity. These data extend to WM previous findings from long-term memory (LTM) indicating that the left and right PFC may be differentially involved in memory attributions depending on the specificity of information evaluated. The findings also provide evidence for the continuity of evaluative processes recruited in WM and LTM.

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