Volcanically emitted sodium chloride as a source for Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus

Nature ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 421 (6918) ◽  
pp. 45-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lellouch ◽  
G. Paubert ◽  
J. I Moses ◽  
N. M. Schneider ◽  
D. F. Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Neutral Clouds ◽  
Plasma Torus

How much Io material reaches Europa?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fran Bagenal ◽  
Vincent Dols ◽  
Edward Nerney ◽  
Frank Crary ◽  
Tim Cassidy
Keyword(s):  
Charge Exchange ◽  
Neutral Atoms ◽  
Plasma Interaction ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Energetic Neutral Atoms ◽  
Neutral Clouds ◽  
Atmosphere Interaction ◽  
Plasma Torus ◽  
Io Plasma Torus

<p>The plasma interaction with Io’s atmosphere results in at least a ton per second of escaping neutrals. Most of these neutrals supply extended neutral clouds along Io's orbit  and eventually become ionized and accelerated to corotation with Jupiter, populating the Io plasma torus as well as spreading out to fill Jupiter’s vast magnetosphere. About half to two-thirds of the plasma torus ions charge-exchange with the extended neutral clouds  and leave the torus as energetic neutral atoms, passing Europa’s orbit. Energetic neutrals are also produced directly in the plasma-atmosphere interaction, escaping with sufficient speed to reach Europa’s orbit before being ionized. The iogenic ions that are accelerated to high energies in the middle magnetosphere ultimately move back inward, again crossing Europa’s orbit. We present estimates of the fluxes of these various iogenic populations and how much oxygen, sulfur and sodium might be hitting Europa.</p>

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WITHDRAWAL OF SODIUM CHLORIDE FROM THE DIET IN HYPERTENSIVE AND NORMOTENSIVE INDIVIDUALS

1955 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reata Renwick ◽  
J. S. Robson ◽  
C. P. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride

ABOLITION OF MAGNESIUM-INDUCED HYPOCALCAEMIA BY ACUTE THYRO-PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE CAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pors Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Isotonic Sodium Chloride ◽  
Plasma Calcium Concentration ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

ABSTRACT Intravenous infusion of isotonic magnesium chloride into young cats with a resultant mean plasma magnesium concentration of 7.7 meq./100 g protein was followed by a significant lowering of the plasma calcium concentration in 90 minutes. The rate of decrease of plasma calcium is consistent with the hypothesis that calcitonin is released by magnesium in high concentrations. There was no decrease in the plasma calcium concentration in cats of the same weight thyroparathyroidectomized 60 min before an identical magnesium chloride infusion or an infusion of isotonic sodium chloride at the same flow rate. The hypercalciuric effect of magnesium could not account for the hypocalcaemic effect of magnesium. Plasma magnesium concentration during magnesium infusion into cats with an intact thyroid-parathyroid gland complex was slightly, but not significantly higher than in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized cats.

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