scholarly journals Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 900-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Schmaal ◽  
◽  
D P Hibar ◽  
P G Sämann ◽  
G B Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Brain Scans

scholarly journals Genome-wide Association for Major Depression Through Age at Onset Stratification: Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Power ◽  
Katherine E. Tansey ◽  
Henriette Nørmølle Buttenschøn ◽  
Sarah Cohen-Woods ◽  
Tim Bigdeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Genome Wide

scholarly journals The Symptom Structure of Postdisaster Major Depression: Convergence of Evidence from 11 Disaster Studies Using Consistent Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Carol S. North ◽  
David Baron
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Report Symptom ◽  
Symptom Patterns

Agreement has not been achieved across symptom factor studies of major depressive disorder, and no studies have identified characteristic postdisaster depressive symptom structures. This study examined the symptom structure of major depression across two databases of 1181 survivors of 11 disasters studied using consistent research methods and full diagnostic assessment, addressing limitations of prior self-report symptom-scale studies. The sample included 808 directly-exposed survivors of 10 disasters assessed 1–6 months post disaster and 373 employees of 8 organizations affected by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks assessed nearly 3 years after the attacks. Consistent symptom patterns identifying postdisaster major depression were not found across the 2 databases, and database factor analyses suggested a cohesive grouping of depression symptoms. In conclusion, this study did not find symptom clusters identifying postdisaster major depression to guide the construction and validation of screeners for this disorder. A full diagnostic assessment for identification of postdisaster major depressive disorder remains necessary.

Emotional availability in women with bipolar disorder and major depression: A longitudinal pregnancy cohort study

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742199879
Author(s):  
Pavitra Aran ◽  
Andrew J Lewis ◽  
Stuart J Watson ◽  
Thinh Nguyen ◽  
Megan Galbally
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Emotional Availability ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Interaction Quality ◽  
Pregnancy Cohort ◽  
The Impact

Objective: Poorer mother–infant interaction quality has been identified among women with major depression; however, there is a dearth of research examining the impact of bipolar disorder. This study sought to compare mother–infant emotional availability at 6 months postpartum among women with perinatal major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and no disorder (control). Methods: Data were obtained for 127 mother–infant dyads from an Australian pregnancy cohort. The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-5 was used to diagnose major depressive disorder ( n = 60) and bipolar disorder ( n = 12) in early pregnancy (less than 20 weeks) and review diagnosis at 6 months postpartum. Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, along with self-report psychotropic medication use. Mother and infant’s interaction quality was measured using the Emotional Availability Scales when infants reached 6 months of age. Multivariate analyses of covariance examining the effects of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder on maternal emotional availability (sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness, non-hostility) and child emotional availability (responsiveness, involvement) were conducted. Results: After controlling for maternal age and postpartum depressive symptoms, perinatal disorder (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder) accounted for 17% of the variance in maternal and child emotional availability combined. Compared to women with major depressive disorder and their infants, women with bipolar disorder and their infants displayed lower ratings across all maternal and child emotional availability qualities, with the greatest mean difference seen in non-intrusiveness scores. Conclusions: Findings suggest that perinatal bipolar disorder may be associated with additional risk, beyond major depressive disorder alone, to a mother and her offspring’s emotional availability at 6 months postpartum, particularly in maternal intrusiveness.

Glucocorticoid Signaling in Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders Uncovered by Dexamethasone-Induced Gene Expression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Menke
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Stimulation Test ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressed Patients

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, serious and in some cases life‐threatening condition and affects approximately 350 million people globally (Otte et al., 2016). The magnitude of the clinical burden reflects the limited effectiveness of current available therapies. The current prescribed antidepressants are based on modulating monoaminergic neurotransmission, i.e. they improve central availability of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. However, they are associated with a high rate of partial or non-response, delayed response onset and limited duration. Actually more than 50% of the patients fail to respond to their first antidepressant they receive. Therefore there is a need of new treatment approaches targeting other systems than the monoaminergic pathway. One of the most robust findings in biological psychiatry is a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in major depression (Holsboer, 2000). Many studies observed an increased production of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus, leading to an increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary and subsequently to an enhanced production of cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Due to an impaired sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) the negative feedback mechanisms usually restoring homeostasis after a stress triggered cortisol release are not functioning properly (Holsboer, 2000, Pariante and Miller, 2001). However, treatment strategies targeting the GR or the CRH receptors have not been successful for a general patient population. Selecting the right patients for these treatment alternatives may improve therapy outcome, since a dysregulation of the HPA axis affects only 40-60 % of the depressed patients. Thus, patients with a dysregulated HPA axis have first to be identified and then allocated to a specific treatment regime. Tests like the dexamethasone-suppression-test (DST) or the dex-CRH test have been shown to uncover GR sensitivity deficits, but are not routinely applied in the clinical setting. Recently, the dexamethasone-induced gene expression could uncover GR alterations in participants suffering from major depression and job-related exhaustion (Menke et al., 2012, Menke et al., 2013, Menke et al., 2014, Menke et al., 2016). Actually, by applying the dexamethasone-stimulation test we found a GR hyposensitivity in depressed patients (Menke et al., 2012) and a GR hypersensitivity in subjects with job-related exhaustion (Menke et al., 2014). These alterations normalized after clinical recovery (Menke et al., 2014). Interestingly, the dexamethasone-stimulation test also uncovered FKBP5 genotype dependent alterations in FKBP5 mRNA expression in depressed patients and healthy controls (Menke et al., 2013). FKBP5 is a co-chaperone which modulates the sensitivity of the GR (Binder, 2009). In addition, the dexamethasone-stimulation test provided evidence of common genetic variants that modulate the immediate transcriptional response to GR activation in peripheral human blood cells and increase the risk for depression and co-heritable psychiatric disorders (Arloth et al., 2015). In conclusion, the molecular dexamethasone-stimulation test may thus help to characterize subgroups of subjects suffering from stress-related conditions and in the long-run may be helpful to guide treatment regime as well as prevention strategies.   References: Arloth J, Bogdan R, Weber P, Frishman G, Menke A, Wagner KV, Balsevich G, Schmidt MV, Karbalai N, Czamara D, Altmann A, Trumbach D, Wurst W, Mehta D, Uhr M, Klengel T, Erhardt A, Carey CE, Conley ED, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics C, Ruepp A, Muller-Myhsok B, Hariri AR, Binder EB, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium PGC (2015) Genetic Differences in the Immediate Transcriptome Response to Stress Predict Risk-Related Brain Function and Psychiatric Disorders. Neuron 86:1189-1202. Binder EB (2009) The role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy of affective and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 Suppl 1:S186-195. Holsboer F (2000) The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 23:477-501. Menke A, Arloth J, Best J, Namendorf C, Gerlach T, Czamara D, Lucae S, Dunlop BW, Crowe TM, Garlow SJ, Nemeroff CB, Ritchie JC, Craighead WE, Mayberg HS, Rex-Haffner M, Binder EB, Uhr M (2016) Time-dependent effects of dexamethasone plasma concentrations on glucocorticoid receptor challenge tests. Psychoneuroendocrinology 69:161-171. Menke A, Arloth J, Gerber M, Rex-Haffner M, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Binder EB, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Beck J (2014) Dexamethasone stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood indicates glucocorticoid-receptor hypersensitivity in job-related exhaustion. Psychoneuroendocrinology 44:35-46. Menke A, Arloth J, Putz B, Weber P, Klengel T, Mehta D, Gonik M, Rex-Haffner M, Rubel J, Uhr M, Lucae S, Deussing JM, Muller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F, Binder EB (2012) Dexamethasone Stimulated Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood is a Sensitive Marker for Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance in Depressed Patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1455-1464. Menke A, Klengel T, Rubel J, Bruckl T, Pfister H, Lucae S, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Binder EB (2013) Genetic variation in FKBP5 associated with the extent of stress hormone dysregulation in major depression. Genes Brain Behav  12:289-296. Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, Pariante CM, Etkin A, Fava M, Mohr DC, Schatzberg AF (2016) Major depressive disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers 2:16065. Pariante CM, Miller AH (2001) Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biological psychiatry 49:391-404.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy for subclinical depression: meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Sander L. Koole ◽  
Annemiek van Dijke ◽  
Miquel Roca ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Subclinical Depression

BackgroundThere is controversy about whether psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of subclinical depression, defined by clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the absence of a major depressive disorder.AimsTo examine whether psychotherapies are effective in reducing depressive symptoms, reduce the risk of developing major depressive disorder and have comparable effects to psychological treatment of major depression.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies comparing a psychological treatment of subclinical depression with a control group.ResultsThe target groups, therapies and characteristics of the included studies differed considerably from each other, and the quality of many studies was not optimal. Psychotherapies did have a small to moderate effect on depressive symptoms against care as usual at the post-test assessment (g = 0.35, 95% CI 0.23–0.47; NNT = 5, 95% CI 4–8) and significantly reduced the incidence of major depressive episodes at 6 months (RR = 0.61) and possibly at 12 months (RR = 0.74). The effects were significantly smaller than those of psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and could be accounted for by non-specific effects of treatment.ConclusionsPsychotherapy may be effective in the treatment of subclinical depression and reduce the incidence of major depression, but more high-quality research is needed.

scholarly journals White matter disturbances in major depressive disorder: a coordinated analysis across 20 international cohorts in the ENIGMA MDD working group

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1511-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. van Velzen ◽  
Sinead Kelly ◽  
Dmitry Isaev ◽  
Andre Aleman ◽  
Lyubomir I. Aftanas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Major Depressive

scholarly journals Genome-wide association of major depression: description of samples for the GAIN Major Depressive Disorder Study: NTR and NESDA biobank projects

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorret I Boomsma ◽  
Gonneke Willemsen ◽  
Patrick F Sullivan ◽  
Peter Heutink ◽  
Piet Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Genome Wide

scholarly journals Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 806-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Schmaal ◽  
◽  
D J Veltman ◽  
T G M van Erp ◽  
P G Sämann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Subcortical Brain

Uncomplicated Depression as Normal Sadness

2016 ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Jerome C. Wakefield ◽  
Allan V. Horwitz ◽  
Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
General Population ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressive Episodes

About half of all individuals meet the criteria for DSM-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) by the age of 30. These and other considerations suggest that MDD criteria are too inclusive and apply to individuals who are not ill but are experiencing normal sadness. This chapter reviews a research program that attempts to address this issue by examining “uncomplicated depression,” a subcategory of MDD that is hypothesized to consist of false positive diagnoses in which normal sadness is misdiagnosed as MDD. Data on uncomplicated depression suggest that many individuals who currently meet the DSM criteria for MDD are at no greater risk for subsequent depressive episodes, attempting suicide, or development of generalized anxiety disorder than members of the general population. These data suggest that uncomplicated depression is normal sadness, not major depression, and should not be diagnosed as disordered. They thus indicate that current DSM criteria for MDD are overly inclusive.

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