We have studied the mechanism by which a previously described primary muscle culture growing on microcarriers predominantly expresses fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) IId/x. We have measured MHC IId/x mRNA and protein levels, mRNA of MHC I and markers of muscle metabolism, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and mechano-growth factor (MGF) transcripts, indicators of the activation of the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis, the p38-, ERK1/2-, and JNK-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP) kinase pathways, and of protein phosphatase PP2A, and we have assessed the involvement of integrin. By placing the culture flasks on a rotary shaker, we induce a continuous motion of the culture medium in which the carrier-myotube aggregates are suspended. This motion exerts passive forces on the myotubes that are decisive for the predominance of MHC II expression. These forces act via integrin, which transduces the mechanical signal into activation of PP2A and of p38 MAP-Kinase. The latter presumably is directly responsible for a drastic upregulation of MHC IId/x, whereas MHC I and metabolic markers remain unaffected. At the same time, despite an elevated level of IGF-1 transcription under passive forces, the IGF-1 receptor-Akt-mTOR axis is switched off as evident from the lack of an effect of inhibition of the IGF-1 receptor and from the PP2A-mediated low degree of phosphorylation of Akt and 4E-BP1. Similarly, the ERK1/2- and JNK-MAP kinase pathways are repressed. We conclude that passive stretch exerted on the myotubes by the rotary fluid motion induces a rather selective upregulation of fast MHC II, which goes along with a mild muscle hypertrophy as judged from the amount of protein per cell and is caused by p38 MAP kinase activity elevated via integrin sensing. The direct link between passive stretch and MHC II expression constitutes a novel mechanism, which is expected to become effective physiologically under passive stretch and eccentric contractions of skeletal muscles.
Galectin-9 exhibits anti-myeloma activity through JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways