scholarly journals Effect of Hemoglobin on Neurogenic Responses and Cholinergic Parameters in Porcine Cerebral Arteries

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Linnik ◽  
Tony Jer-Fu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Release Of Acetylcholine ◽  
Neurogenic Vasodilation

Electrically stimulated neurogenic vasodilation and endothelial-dependent cholinergic vasodilation in cerebral arteries are both blocked by hemoglobin. To determine if neurogenic vasodilation has a cholinergic component, we examined the effect of hemoglobin on neurogenic responses and perivascular cholinergic parameters in isolated porcine cerebral arteries. The perfused circle of Willis has a mixed response to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) that is predominately vasodilation. Exposure to hemoglobin (5 μM) causes constriction of this preparation while simultaneously blocking TNS-induced vasodilation. At similar concentrations, however, hemoglobin did not alter electrically stimulated, tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of acetylcholine. Hemoglobin also had no effect on neuronal choline uptake or esteratic inactivation of acetylcholine. These results demonstrate the ability of low concentrations of hemoglobin to alter cerebral neurogenic vasodilation. The failure of hemoglobin to affect any aspect of cholinergic transmission, however, provides further evidence against a direct vasodilatory role for acetylcholine as a terminal transmitter in isolated cerebral blood vessels.

scholarly journals Erythrocyte Extracts Enhance Neurogenic Vasoconstriction of Dog Cerebral Arteries in vitro

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony J.-F. Lee ◽  
Michael P. McIlhany ◽  
Susan Sarwinski
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cerebral Vasospasm ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Neurogenic Vasoconstriction ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Neurogenic Vasodilation

Cerebral blood vessels of the dog have been shown to receive vasodilator and constrictor nerves. In isolated ring arterial preparations, neurogenic vasodilation was blocked while neurogenic vasoconstriction was potentiated by hemolysates isolated from hemolyzed erythrocytes. These results suggest that an overall increase in cerebral neurogenic vasoconstriction may occur in vivo following subarachnoid hemorrhage. The significance of this finding in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm is discussed.

scholarly journals Amylin: Localization, Effects on Cerebral Arteries and on Local Cerebral Blood Flow in the Cat

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 168-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Edvinsson ◽  
Peter J. Goadsby ◽  
Rolf Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Local Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Amylin and adrenomedullin are two peptides structurally related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We studied the occurrence of amylin in trigeminal ganglia and cerebral blood vessels of the cat with immunocytochemistry and evaluated the role of amylin and adrenomedullin in the cerebral circulation by in vitro and in vivo pharmacology. Immunocytochemistry revealed that numerous nerve cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion contained CGRP immunoreactivity (-ir); some of these also expressed amylin-ir but none adrenomedullin-ir. There were numerous nerve fibres surrounding cerebral blood vessels that contained CGRP-ir. Occasional fibres contained amylin-ir while we observed no adrenomedullin-ir in the vessel walls. With RT-PCR and Real-Time�PCR we revealed the presence of mRNA for calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLRL) and receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) in cat cerebral arteries. In vitro studies revealed that amylin, adrenomedullin, and CGRP relaxed ring segments of the cat middle cerebral artery. CGRP and amylin caused concentration-dependent relaxations at low concentrations of PGF2a-precontracted segment (with or without endothelium) whereas only at high concentration did adrenomedullin cause relaxation. CGRP8-37 blocked the CGRP and amylin induced relaxations in a parallel fashion. In vivo studies of amylin, adrenomedullin, and CGRP showed a brisk reproducible increase in local cerebral blood flow as examined using laser Doppler flowmetry applied to the cerebral cortex of the a-chloralose�anesthetized cat. The responses to amylin and CGRP were blocked by CGRP8-37. The studies suggest that there is a functional sub-set of amylin-containing trigeminal neurons which probably act via CGRP receptors.

Cerebrospinal fluid may nourish cerebral vessels through pathways in the adventitia that may be analogous to systemic vasa vasorum

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Zervas ◽  
Theodore M. Liszczak ◽  
Marc R. Mayberg ◽  
Peter McL. Black
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Vessels ◽  
Vasa Vasorum ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Proteins ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Cerebral blood vessels are devoid of vasa vasorum. Therefore, the authors have studied the microarchitecture of the adventitia of large feline cerebral vessels and systemic vessels of the same size, in an effort to determine how the vessels are nourished. The cerebral vessels contain a rete vasorum in the adventitia that is permeable to large proteins and is in continuity with the subarachnoid space. This substructure may be analogous to the systemic vasa vasorum and may contribute to the nutrition of the cerebral arteries.

scholarly journals Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Cerebral Blood Vessels: Distribution and Vasomotor Effects

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Edvinsson ◽  
R. Ekman ◽  
I. Jansen ◽  
J. McCulloch ◽  
R. Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Basilar Arteries

The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the vasomotor effects of this peptide are described for a number of different mammalian species. CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in the adventitia of cerebral arteries in all species examined (guinea pig, cat, rabbit, rat, and mouse). Numerous perikarya containing CGRP immunoreactivity are demonstrable in the trigeminal ganglion of all species. In the cerebral perivascular nerve fibers and in trigeminal perikarya, CGRP is often colocalized with substance P and neurokinin A. Marked interspecies differences exist both in the density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and in the cerebrovascular levels measured with radioimmunoassay. The highest concentrations were observed in cerebral vessels from guinea pigs, the lowest concentration in rabbit vessels, and intermediate levels in the feline and human cerebral vasculature. CGRP is a potent dilator of cerebral arteries in all species examined (human pial, feline middle cerebral, rabbit, guinea pig and rat basilar arteries). The concentration of CGRP eliciting half-maximal responses ranged from 0.4 n M (human pial artery) to 3 n M (rat and rabbit basilar arteries). Pretreatment of cerebral arteries with low concentrations of either substance P (0.1 n M) or neurokinin A (3 n M) attenuated slightly the CGRP-induced relaxations of guinea pig basilar arteries. Calcitonin was found to be a very weak dilator of cerebral arteries from human and guinea pig. Thus, cardiovascular nerve fibers containing CGRP appear to be present in all mammalian species (although to varying degrees) and CGRP is invariably a potent dilator of the cerebral arteries for all species.

scholarly journals Contribution to the knowledge of position, flow and arterial distribution of cerebral blood vessels in foetuses 4 to 9 months of age

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Amela Kulenović ◽  
Faruk Dilberović
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Born Baby ◽  
Straight Flow ◽  
The Brain

We studied cerebral blood vessels in 25 fetuses of gestational age 16-36 weeks and in 10 cadavers of still-born babies by injection-corrosive method. In the early fetal life, arteries are thin with the straight flow, which is directly connected with the brain development. Progressive changes are observed in all the three cerebral arteries in 28-week old fetus, which straight flow becomes more and more tortuous. As in the 32nd week the brain develops faster and gyri and sulci are being formed, the arteries assume wavy flow and number of their rami increases. In a still-born baby, arteries are of rather bigger caliber; they branch abundantly; and due to their relatively broad cerebral sulci, it can be said that their flow is partly tortuous. Our results show evidently that position, flow and relation of cerebral arteries change concurrently with the brain development and appearance of cerebral gyri and sulci.

scholarly journals Acetylcholine and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Cerebral Blood Vessels: Effect of Extirpation of the Sphenopalatine Ganglion

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hara ◽  
I. Jansen ◽  
R. Ekman ◽  
E. Hamel ◽  
E. T. MacKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Nerve Network ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Rostral Part

The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the vasomotor effects of the two neurotransmitters have been analyzed in the rat following the uni- or bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which is thought to be the major origin of this innervation. Histochemistry of AChE-positive nerve fibers and the immunoreactivity toward VIP revealed only a 30% reduction in the innervation pattern of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation following the operation. At ∼4 weeks postoperatively, the original nerve network was restored. Quantitative measurements of cholineacetyltransferase activity and VIP revealed similar reductions in the levels of collected large cerebral arteries at the base of the brain and in small pial vessels overlying the cerebral cortex at the various postoperative times following uni- or bilateral removal of the SPG. The two techniques thus complemented each other. Vasomotor reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and VIP was examined in proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery at the various postoperative times. Generally, the removal of the SPG had no effect on the responses to ACh or VIP. The evidence indicates that only approximately one-third of the cholinergic/VIP innervation of the rostral part of the cerebral circulation originates in the SPG.

scholarly journals Gold nanoparticles reduce inflammation in cerebral microvessels of mice with sepsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Di Bella ◽  
João P. S. Ferreira ◽  
Renee de Nazare O. Silva ◽  
Cinthya Echem ◽  
Aline Milan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Cerebral Microvessels ◽  
Antibiotic Effect ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
20 Nm

Abstract Background Sepsis is an emergency medical condition that can lead to death and it is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by immune dysregulation in response to an infection. It is considered the main killer in intensive care units. Sepsis associated-encephalopathy (SAE) is mostly caused by a sepsis-induced systemic inflammatory response. Studies report SAE in 14–63% of septic patients. Main SAE symptoms are not specific and usually include acute impairment of consciousness, delirium and/or coma, along with electroencephalogram (EEG) changes. For those who recover from sepsis and SAE, impaired cognitive function, mobility and quality of life are often observed months to years after hospital discharge, and there is no treatment available today to prevent that. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key players for the SAE pathophysiology. Gold nanoparticles have been demonstrated to own important anti-inflammatory properties. It was also reported 20 nm citrate-covered gold nanoparticles (cit-AuNP) reduce oxidative stress. In this context, we tested whether 20 nm cit-AuNP could alleviate the acute changes caused by sepsis in brain of mice, with focus on inflammation. Sepsis was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 20 nm cit-AuNP or saline were intravenously (IV) injected 2 h after induction of sepsis and experiments performed 6 h after induction. Intravital microscopy was used for leukocyte and platelet adhesion study in brain, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability carried out by Evans blue assay, cytokines measured by ELISA and real time PCR, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and transcription factors, by western blotting. Results 20 nm cit-AuNP treatment reduced leukocyte and platelet adhesion to cerebral blood vessels, prevented BBB failure, reduced TNF- concentration in brain, and ICAM-1 expression both in circulating polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and cerebral blood vessels of mice with sepsis. Furthermore, 20 nm cit-AuNP did not interfere with the antibiotic effect on the survival rate of mice with sepsis. Conclusions Cit-AuNP showed important anti-inflammatory properties in the brain of mice with sepsis, being a potential candidate to be used as adjuvant drug along with antibiotics in the treatment of sepsis to avoid SAE

Primary diseases of the cerebral blood vessels

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajax Elis George ◽  
Pulla R.S. Kishore ◽  
Norman E. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels
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