scholarly journals Evidence for the Presence of Cholinergic Nerves in Cerebral Arteries: An Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Choline Acetyltransferase

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Saito ◽  
Jang-Yen Wu ◽  
Tony J.-F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Cholinergic Nerves ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Adventitial Layer ◽  
Basilar Arteries

The presence of cholinergic nerves in cerebral arteries of several species was investigated by an immunohistochemical method using antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). In cats, pigs, rats, and dogs, ChAT immunoreactivities were found to be associated with large bundles and single fibers in the circle of Willis and anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and basilar arteries. In the rabbit, the ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-I) nerves were also observed in the circle of Willis and anterior and middle cerebral arteries, but only few or none were found in the basilar and vertebral arteries. The ChAT-I nerves were found only in the adventitial layer of vessels examined. Superior cervical ganglionectomy did not appreciably affect the distribution of ChAT-I nerves. These results indicate the presence of cholinergic nerves in cerebral arteries. The distribution pattern of ChAT-I nerves was different from that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like-immunoreactive nerves and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves. The possible coexistence of ChAT and VIP-like substance in the same neuron is discussed.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular responses in mice deficient in the potassium channel, TREK-1

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (2) ◽  
pp. R461-R469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khodadad Namiranian ◽  
Eric E. Lloyd ◽  
Randy F. Crossland ◽  
Sean P. Marrelli ◽  
George E. Taffet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Basilar Arteries ◽  
Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Pore Domain

We tested the hypothesis that TREK-1, a two-pore domain K channel, is involved with dilations in arteries. Because there are no selective activators or inhibitors of TREK-1, we generated a mouse line deficient in TREK-1. Endothelium-mediated dilations were not different in arteries from wild-type (WT) and TREK-1 knockout (KO) mice. This includes dilations of the middle cerebral artery to ATP, dilations of the basilar artery to ACh, and relaxations of the aorta to carbachol, a cholinergic agonist. The nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor components of ATP dilations were identical in the middle cerebral arteries of WT and TREK-1 KO mice. Furthermore, the NO and cyclooxygenase-dependent components were identical in the basilar arteries of the different genotypes. Dilations of the basilar artery to α-linolenic acid, an activator of TREK-1, were not affected by the absence of TREK-1. Whole cell currents recorded using patch-clamp techniques were similar in cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells (CVSMCs) from WT and TREK-1 KO mice. α-linolenic acid or arachidonic acid increased whole cell currents in CVSMCs from both WT and TREK-1 KO mice. The selective blockers of large-conductance Ca-activated K channels, penitrem A and iberiotoxin, blocked the increased currents elicited by either α-linolenic or arachidonic acid. In summary, dilations were similar in arteries from WT and TREK-1 KO mice. There was no sign of TREK-1-like currents in CVSMCs from WT mice, and there were no major differences in currents between the genotypes. We conclude that regulation of arterial diameter is not altered in mice lacking TREK-1.

FEATURES OF HEMODYNAMICS IN HEAD MAGISTRAL AND CEREBRAL ARTERIES IN THE PATIENTS WITH MIGRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 2489-2493
Author(s):  
Valeriy I. Kalashnikov ◽  
Alexander N. Stoyanov ◽  
Alexander R. Pulyk ◽  
Iryna K. Bakumenko ◽  
Tamara А. Andreeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Postgraduate Education ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Hemodynamic Pattern ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries

The aim of the study was to Doppler sonography study of the structural and functional state of head magistral arteries (HMA) and cerebral arteries in the patients with various forms of migraine. Materials and methods: We conducted the clinical Doppler examination of 124 young patients (18-45 years old), including 55 men and 69 women in the conditions of the clinical base of the Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education in 2017-2019. The criteria for involvement of patients in the study were: migraine without aura (group 1 – 63 patients), migraine with aura (group 2 – 61 patients) The control group consisted of 45 patients of the corresponding gender and age. The condition of HMA and cerebral arteries was studied using the ultrasound device. Results: The presence of extravasal compressions of vertebral arteries (VA) is typical for the patients with migraine, as well as for some cases of the hypoplasia of the VA in the group of the patients with migraine with aura. In the patients with migraine with aura, there was a decrease in the velocity values in the extracranial VA segments. The velocity values in the external carotid arteries (ECA) were slightly reduced in both groups. The most significant were the changes in the hemodynamics in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA), which were manifested by the pattern of the excessive perfusion in the patients of the migraine without aura and the pattern of the hampered perfusion in the MCA in the patients of the migraine with aura. Conclusions: 1. In the patients with migraine with aura, a decrease in the velocity values in the extracranial segments of the VA was observed, in some cases combined with the hypoplasia of the vertebral artery, the hampered perfusion in middle cerebral arteries. 2. The excessive perfusion in middle cerebral arteries is the most critical hemodynamic pattern in the patients with migraine without aura. 3. The extravasal compression of vertebral arteries, combined with the hyperperfusion in posterior cerebral arteries, is a typical hemodynamic pattern both in the group of the patients with migraine with aura, and in the group of the patients with migraine without aura.

scholarly journals Cholinergic and VIPergic Innervation in Cerebral Arteries: A Sequential Double-Labeling Immunohistochemical Study

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Jia-Pei Miao ◽  
Tony Jer-Fu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Picric Acid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Functional Interactions

The possible co-localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the nerve fibers of cat cerebral arteries was examined by a sequential double-labeling immunohistochemical method. Diaminobenzidine and tetramethylbenzidine were used as chromogens to distinguish ChAT (protein) and VIP (peptide) immunoreactivities. Since available fixatives often did not provide simultaneous preservation of optimal protein and peptide immunoreactivities, a new fixative, buffered periodate-paraformal-dehyde-picric acid-formaldehyde-lysine (PPPFL), was formulated and tested. PPPFL fixative is more reliable for simultaneously preserving ChAT and VIP immunoreactivities than were periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP) fixative, Zamboni's fixative, or 2% paraformaldehyde solution alone. Using PPPFL as fixative, both ChAT immunoreactive (ChAT-I) and VIP-immunoreactive (VIP-I) fibers in cerebral arteries appeared as bundle and fine fibers. Most ChAT-I and VIP-I fibers were separate. Portions of ChAT-I and VIP-I fibers often ran closely in parallel or across each other. Overlaying of VIP-I on ChAT-I fibers and relay connections between them were also observed. These morphological data suggest the potential functional interactions between cholinergic and VIPergic innervations. In <5% of the fibers examined did ChAT and VIP immunoreactivities appear to be co-localized. These data therefore do not support the hypothesis that acetylcholine and VIP are co-localized in most fibers innervating the cerebral arterial wall.

scholarly journals GAB Aergic Innervation in Cerebral Blood Vessels: An Immunohistochemical Demonstration of L-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and GABA Transaminase

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Imai ◽  
T. Okuno ◽  
J. Y. Wu ◽  
T. J-F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Gaba Transaminase ◽  
Adjacent Part ◽  
Adventitial Layer ◽  
To Receive

The presence of GAB Aergic innervation in cerebral arteries of several species was investigated by an immunohistochemical method using antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA transaminase (GABA-T). Both GAD and GABA-T immunoreactivities were found to be associated with large bundles and single fibers in the adventitial layer of arteries examined. The density and distribution pattern of both GAD-and GABA-T-immunoreactive fibers were found to be comparable at most regions examined. Both fibers were found to be most dense in the anterior cerebral artery and its adjacent part of the circle of Willis. Several peripheral arteries were found to receive very sparse or no GAD-and GABA-T-immunoreactive fibers. Superior cervical ganglionectomy did not appreciably affect the distribution of both fibers. Cold-storage denervation, however, resulted in a drastic decrease in both fibers. At ultrastructural levels, both GAD- and GABA-T-immunoreactive nerve profiles were found to be very close to the smooth muscle cells. These results demonstrate the presence of a potentially functional GAB Aergic innervation in cerebral circulation. On few occasions, GAD immunoreactivities were also found in some endothelial cells, suggesting that a nonneuronal GABA system may also be present in cerebral arteries.

scholarly journals Plaque Wall Distribution Pattern of the Atherosclerotic Middle Cerebral Artery Associates With the Circle of Willis Completeness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Lu Zheng ◽  
Wen-Jie Yang ◽  
Cheuk-Yin Sze-To ◽  
Thomas Wai-Hong Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽  
Mr Angiography ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Potential Clinical Impact ◽  
Ischemic Attack

Objective: Investigating the relevance of the incomplete circle of Willis (COW) to the plaque wall distribution in the atherosclerotic middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) through utilizing high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI), and its potential clinical impact.Methods: This hospital-based study enrolled consecutive adult patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, who received a 3.0T Achieva MR system scanning. The COW completeness was evaluated on MR angiography imaging, including anterior (A) and posterior (P)-COW sections. The MCA plaque wall distribution was assessed on HR-MRI. The occurrence of perforator infarction was detected on diffusion-weighted imaging.Results: Among 87 patients (mean age = 62.39 ± 11.64 years old) with atherosclerotic plaques in the MCA M1 segments, the incomplete COW types were more prevalent than the complete COW type (incomplete P-COW, 83.9%; incomplete A-COW, 36.8%; complete COW, 8.1%). The incomplete A-COW had more inferior but fewer ventral plaques of MCA atherosclerosis than the complete A-COW, while the incomplete P-COW had fewer inferior MCA plaques than the complete P-COW. Moreover, symptomatic MCA plaques causing perforator infarctions were more likely to locate on the superior wall.Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the COW completeness could influence the vessel wall distribution of the MCA plaques, among which the superior plaques of symptomatic MCA atherosclerosis was associated with branch occlusive disease.

MODELING REDISTRIBUTION CEREBRAL CIRCULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Vladislav Nikolaevich Nikitin ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina Valerevna Kozhemyakina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Brain

The brain is one of the most important organs responsible for the health and functioning of the entire body. The blood supply to the brain is carried out through 2 internal carotid and 2 vertebral arteries in norm. The brain, like other body systems, has protective (compensatory) mechanisms aimed at maintaining the necessary blood flow, one of which is the circle of Willis. The article proposes a mechanism for how blood flow is redistributed through the arteries feeding the brain, which is based on the assumption that the central nervous system controls in such a way that it minimizes flows through the connective arteries of the circle of Willis, the flows along which are normal (with symmetry of the left and right sides) practically equal to zero. Сase of the structure of the circle of Willis is considered in norm. The indicated redistribution mechanism is still only the first step towards an attempt to predict cases of changes in blood flow through the cerebral arteries, especially in stroke. In further works, it is planned to consider the inverse problem, i.e. determine the flows through the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, provided that the flows through the cerebral arteries extending from the circle of Willis have normal flow values.

scholarly journals Dihydropyridine-Insensitive Calcium Currents Contribute to Function of Small Cerebral Arteries

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1226-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Y Kuo ◽  
Anthie Ellis ◽  
Victoria AL Seymour ◽  
Shaun L Sandow ◽  
Caryl E Hill
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Calcium Currents ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Cerebrovascular Function ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Basilar Arteries ◽  
Voltage Dependent Calcium Channels ◽  
Patch Clamp Electrophysiology

Although dihydropyridines are widely used for the treatment of vasospasm, their effectiveness is questionable, suggesting that other voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) contribute to control of cerebrovascular tone. This study therefore investigated the role of dihydropyridine-insensitive VDCCs in cerebrovascular function. Using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, we found mRNA and protein for L-type (CaV1.2) and T-type (CaV3.1 and CaV3.2) channels in adult rat basilar and middle cerebral arteries and their branches. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed both L- and T-type channels in smooth muscle cell (SMC) membranes. Using patch clamp electrophysiology, we found that a high-voltage-activated calcium current, showing T-type channel kinetics and insensitivity to nifedipine and nimodipine, comprised ∼20% of current in SMCs of the main arteries and ∼45% of current in SMCs from branches. Both components were abolished by the T-type antagonists mibefradil, NNC 55-0396, and efonidipine. Although nifedipine completely blocked vasoconstriction in pressurized basilar arteries, a nifedipine-insensitive constriction was found in branches and this increased in magnitude as vessel size decreased. We conclude that a heterogeneous population of VDCCs contributes to cerebrovascular function, with dihydropyridine-insensitive channels having a larger role in smaller vessels. Sensitivity of these currents to nonselective T-type channel antagonists suggests that these drugs may provide a more effective treatment for therapy-refractory cerebrovascular constriction.

scholarly journals Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Atherosclerotic Stenoses of Intracranial Vessels

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Matsumaru ◽  
W. Tsuruta ◽  
T. Takigawa ◽  
A. Hyodo ◽  
H. Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Middle Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Basilar Arteries ◽  
Percutaneous Transluminal

To study the efficacy and long-term outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with/without stent placement for intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses, we reviewed our treated cases retrospectively. Between May 1992 and October 2003, PTA with/without stents was performed in 64 intracranial and skull base vessels in 62 patients, including 24 middle cerebral arteries, 16 internal carotid arteries, 13 vertebral arteries, and 11 basilar arteries. PTA was technically successful in 55 vessels (86%). However, four vessels (6%) failed to achieve satisfactory dilatation. We encountered five periprocedural strokes as symptomatic complications, for a mortality rate of 4.7% and a morbidity rate of 3.1%. All the patients with stent placements survived angioplasty without any complication. In the clinical follow-up available for one week to 11.5 years (mean, 4.7 years), there were three strokes related to the treated vessels. The annual stroke rate in the affected territory was estimated at 1.2% per year. According to these results, PTA for intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses seems to be a beneficial therapy for immediate anatomical results and long-term stroke prevention. Stent-assisted PTA could help patients achieve successful dilatation and avoid complications.

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