scholarly journals Phenotypic and genotypic richness of denitrifiers revealed by a novel isolation strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2219-2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Lycus ◽  
Kari Lovise Bøthun ◽  
Linda Bergaust ◽  
James Peele Shapleigh ◽  
Lars Reier Bakken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Richness

scholarly journals Genotypic richness predicts phenotypic variation in an endangered clonal plant

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanna M. Evans ◽  
Elizabeth A. Sinclair ◽  
Alistair G.B. Poore ◽  
Keryn F. Bain ◽  
Adriana Vergés
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Clonal Plant ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Genotypic Richness

Declines in genetic diversity within a species can affect the stability and functioning of populations. The conservation of genetic diversity is thus a priority, especially for threatened or endangered species. The importance of genetic variation, however, is dependent on the degree to which it translates into phenotypic variation for traits that affect individual performance and ecological processes. This is especially important for predominantly clonal species, as no single clone is likely to maximise all aspects of performance. Here we show that intraspecific genotypic diversity as measured using microsatellites is a strong predictor of phenotypic variation in morphological traits and shoot productivity of the threatened, predominantly clonal seagrassPosidonia australis, on the east coast of Australia. Biomass and surface area variation was most strongly predicted by genotypic richness, while variation in leaf chemistry (phenolics and nitrogen) was unrelated to genotypic richness. Genotypic richness did not predict tissue loss to herbivores or epiphyte load, however we did find that increased herbivore damage was positively correlated with allelic richness. Although there was no clear relationship between higher primary productivity and genotypic richness, variation in shoot productivity within a meadow was significantly greater in more genotypically diverse meadows. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by environmental conditions varied among different genotypes, and there was generally no variation in phenotypic traits among genotypes present in the same meadows. Our results show that genotypic richness as measured through the use of presumably neutral DNA markers does covary with phenotypic variation in functionally relevant traits such as leaf morphology and shoot productivity. The remarkably long lifespan of individualPosidoniaplants suggests that plasticity within genotypes has played an important role in the longevity of the species. However, the strong link between genotypic and phenotypic variation suggests that a range of genotypes is still the best case scenario for adaptation to and recovery from predicted environmental change.

scholarly journals Molecular Dynamics of Emiliania huxleyi and Cooccurring Viruses during Two Separate Mesocosm Studies

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Martínez Martínez ◽  
Declan C. Schroeder ◽  
Aud Larsen ◽  
Gunnar Bratbak ◽  
William H. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Binding Motifs ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Genotypic Richness

ABSTRACT In this study we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, sequencing analysis, and analytical flow cytometry to monitor the dynamics and genetic richness of Emiliania huxleyi isolates and cooccurring viruses during two mesocosm experiments in a Norwegian fjord in 2000 and 2003. We exploited variations in a gene encoding a protein with calcium-binding motifs (GPA) and in the major capsid protein (MCP) gene to assess allelic and genotypic richness within E. huxleyi and E. huxleyi-specific viruses (EhVs), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows the effectiveness of the GPA gene for analysis of natural communities of E. huxleyi. Our results revealed the existence of a genetically rich, yet stable E. huxleyi and EhV community in the fjordic environment. Incredibly, the same virus and host genotypes dominated in separate studies conducted 3 years apart. Both E. huxleyi-dominated blooms contained the same six E. huxleyi alleles. In addition, despite the presence of at least six and four EhV genotypes at the start of the blooms in 2000 and 2003, respectively, the same two virus genotypes dominated the naturally occurring infections during the exponential and termination phases of the blooms in both years.

scholarly journals High clonality in Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis populations of Guadeloupe, French Lesser Antilles

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Japaud ◽  
C. Bouchon ◽  
J.-L. Manceau ◽  
C. Fauvelot
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Acropora Palmata ◽  
Acropora Cervicornis ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Genetic Status ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Genotypic Richness

Since the 1980s, population densities of Acroporidae have dramatically declined in the Caribbean Sea. Quantitative censuses of Acroporidae provide information on the number of colonies (i.e. ramets), but not on the number of genetically distinct individuals (i.e. genets). In this context, the aim of our study was to provide an overview of the genetic status of Acropora populations in Guadeloupe by examining the genotypic richness of Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis. Using 14 microsatellite loci, we found extremely low genotypic richness for both species from Caye-à-Dupont reef (i.e. 0.125 for A. palmata and nearly zero for A. cervicornis). Because genetic diversity contributes to the ability of organisms to evolve and adapt to new environmental conditions, our results are alarming in the context of ongoing global warming as long periods of clonal growth without sexual recruitment may lead to the extinction of these populations.

scholarly journals Intraspecific diversity loss in a predator species alters prey community structure and ecosystem functions

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. e3001145
Author(s):  
Allan Raffard ◽  
Julien Cucherousset ◽  
José M. Montoya ◽  
Murielle Richard ◽  
Samson Acoca-Pidolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Invertebrate Diversity ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Genotypic Richness

Loss in intraspecific diversity can alter ecosystem functions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive, and intraspecific biodiversity–ecosystem function (iBEF) relationships have been restrained to primary producers. Here, we manipulated genetic and functional richness of a fish consumer (Phoxinus phoxinus) to test whether iBEF relationships exist in consumer species and whether they are more likely sustained by genetic or functional richness. We found that both genotypic and functional richness affected ecosystem functioning, either independently or interactively. Loss in genotypic richness reduced benthic invertebrate diversity consistently across functional richness treatments, whereas it reduced zooplankton diversity only when functional richness was high. Finally, losses in genotypic and functional richness altered functions (decomposition) through trophic cascades. We concluded that iBEF relationships lead to substantial top-down effects on entire food chains. The loss of genotypic richness impacted ecological properties as much as the loss of functional richness, probably because it sustains “cryptic” functional diversity.

scholarly journals Population genetics as a tool to elucidate pathogen reservoirs: Lessons from Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose disease in bats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola M. Fischer ◽  
Andrea Altewischer ◽  
Surendra Ranpal ◽  
Serena Dool ◽  
Gerald Kerth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Pseudogymnoascus Destructans ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Environmental Reservoir ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Intensive Sampling ◽  
Genotypic Richness

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases pose a major threat to human, animal, and plant health. The risk of species-extinctions increases when pathogens can survive in the absence of the host, for example in environmental reservoirs. However, identifying such reservoirs and modes of infection is often highly challenging. In this study, we investigated the presence and nature of an environmental reservoir for the ascomycete fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose disease. We also characterised the modes and timing of transmission of the pathogen; key elements to better understand the disease dynamics. Using 18 microsatellite markers, we determined the genotypic and genic (based on allele frequencies) differentiation between 1,497 P. destructans isolates collected from nine closely situated hibernacula in North-Eastern Germany. One hibernaculum was the focus of intensive sampling in which both the bats and walls of the site were sampled at regular intervals over five consecutive winter seasons (1,062 isolates). We found significant genic differentiation between sites and few multi-locus genotypes shared across hibernacula (genotypic differentiation). This demonstrates that each hibernaculum has an essentially unique population of the fungus. This would be expected if bats purge viable P. destructans over the summer, preventing the mixing and exchange of the pathogen in maternity colonies, where bats from all of the studied hibernacula meet. Results from the intensively sampled site show higher measures of genotypic richness on walls compared to bats, the absence of genic differentiation between bats and walls, and stable relative abundance of multi-locus genotypes over multiple winter seasons. This clearly implicates hibernacula walls as the main environmental reservoir of the pathogen, from which bats become re-infected annually.

Genotypic richness and phenotypic dissimilarity enhance population performance

Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1605-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacintha Ellers ◽  
Stefanie Rog ◽  
Ciska Braam ◽  
Matty P. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Richness ◽  
Population Performance

Genotypic richness and dissimilarity opposingly affect ecosystem functioning

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 537-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jousset ◽  
B. Schmid ◽  
S. Scheu ◽  
N. Eisenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Genotypic Richness

scholarly journals Intraspecific diversity loss in a predator species alters prey community structure and ecosystem functions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Raffard ◽  
Julien Cucherousset ◽  
José M. Montoya ◽  
Murielle Richard ◽  
Samson Acoca-Pidolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Benthic Invertebrate ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Invertebrate Diversity ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Genotypic Richness

AbstractLoss in intraspecific diversity can alter ecosystem functions, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive, and intraspecific biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships (iBEF) have been restrained to primary producers. Here, we manipulated genetic and functional richness of a fish consumer (Phoxinus phoxinus), to test whether iBEF relationships exist in consumer species, and whether they are more likely sustained by genetic or functional richness. We found that both genotypic and functional richness affected ecosystem functioning, either independently or in interaction. Loss in genotypic richness reduced benthic invertebrate diversity consistently across functional richness treatments, whereas it reduced zooplankton diversity only when functional richness was high. Finally, both losses in genotypic and functional richness altered essential functions (e.g. decomposition) through trophic cascades. We concluded that iBEF relationships lead to substantial top-down effects on entire food chains. The loss of genotypic richness impacted ecological properties as much as the loss of functional richness, probably because it sustains “cryptic” functional diversity.

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