scholarly journals The genome of an Encephalitozoon cuniculi type III strain reveals insights into the genetic diversity and mode of reproduction of a ubiquitous vertebrate pathogen

Heredity ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pelin ◽  
H Moteshareie ◽  
B Sak ◽  
M Selman ◽  
A Naor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Encephalitozoon Cuniculi ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction ◽  
Type Iii

Genetic diversity and mode of reproduction in French populations of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L.

Heredity ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-C Simon ◽  
E Carrel ◽  
P D N Hebert ◽  
C A Dedryver ◽  
J Bonhomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of a Brazilian Strain Collection of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Based on the Type III Effector Protein Genes

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Jaciani ◽  
J. A. Ferro ◽  
M. I. T. Ferro ◽  
C. Vernière ◽  
O. Pruvost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Citrus Canker ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Type Iii Effector ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Strain Collection ◽  
Bacterial Effectors ◽  
Dna Primers

Exclusion and eradication or management based on an integrated approach with less susceptible varieties, copper-based bactericides, and windbreaks are the two main strategies used to prevent or control citrus canker. Field tolerance or resistance to citrus canker is not found in the most important commercial sweet orange cultivars, and pathogen-derived resistance has been developed and applied in different crops to obtain resistant genotypes to plant pathogens. We describe the development of DNA primers and probes based on the type III effector genes avrXacE1, avrXacE2, avrXacE3, avrBs2, pthA4, hpaF, and XAC3090 (leucine rich protein), and their application in the evaluation of the genetic diversity of the pathogen. A total of 49 haplotypes were identified in 157 strains by Southern blot analysis. No genetic polymorphism was detected by BOX elements - and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus–polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis, nor with the genes avrBs2, XAC3090, and hpaF. Nei's genetic diversity indexes varied from 0.65 to 0.96 for subcollections of the pathogen. One or few haplotypes were most frequent in the strain collection, but several haplotypes were represented by solely one or few strains. The PthA4 probe resulted in the higher number of haplotypes identified in the Brazilian subcollections. Greater variation in the frequency of haplotypes occurred within subcollections (93.7%) than among subcollections. Only some haplotypes were genetically distant from all others, especially those originated from Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states. These bacterial effectors are widely spread in the collections and are useful for a better understanding of the host–pathogen interaction and the search for resistance genes in host and nonhost plants.

scholarly journals Characterization of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Linn.) Morpho-types Using RAPD Markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-420
Author(s):  
James T. OPOOLA ◽  
Matthew OZIEGBE
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Purple Pigment ◽  
Aromatic Plant ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction ◽  
Ocimum Tenuiflorum

Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant with a lot of potential medicinally, industrially and domestically. There are different morpho-types of O. tenuiflorum, with different shades of purple pigment on their leaves. Very few studies have been done to study the genetic variation among O. tenuiflorum morpho-types. Thus, in the present study, four O. tenuiflorum morpho-types that varied in pigmentation were characterised using RAPD marker as a molecular tool. Eight different primers collectively amplified 64 bands in the four morpho-types analysed. The RAPD technique revealed that the varied amount of purple pigment in O. tenuiflorum morpho-types is not due to environmental factor alone. The UPGMA clustering algorithm based on RAPD data grouped the four morpho-types into two major groups, with O. tenuiflorum (T2) with very light purple leaves and stem morpho-type, more related to O. tenuiflorum (T3) that have deep purple leaves and stem. The result was able to show the phylogenetic relationships within the species. The low level of genetic diversity observed in O. tenuiflorum can be attributed to the mode of reproduction and the reproductive biology of the species, due to the fact that they are likely to be natural hybrids produced through cross pollination.

scholarly journals Prevalent genotypes of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: report from Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zafar ◽  
M. Stone ◽  
S. Ibrahim ◽  
Z. Parveen ◽  
Z. Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogen ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Community Onset ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen in Pakistan and is emerging in the community. This is one of the first reports of the prevalent genotypes of MRSA in both hospital and community settings in Pakistan. Isolates collected in 2006–2007 were characterized by PFGE, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PFGE identified nine pulsotypes, the majority of isolates belonging to pulsotypes A (n=70) and B (n=38), which were predominant among hospital-onset MRSA (HO-MRSA) and community-onset MRSA (CO-MRSA) isolates, respectively. Among the HO-MRSA isolates, variants of SCCmec type III were prevalent, whilst SCCmec type IV or variants were predominant in the CO-MRSA isolates. MLST identified two principal sequence types, ST8 and ST239. An association was observed between ST8, PFGE pulsotype B and SCCmec type IV in the CO-MRSA (ST8-MRSA-IV). Similarly, ST239, PFGE pulsotype A and SCCmec type III were associated with HO-MRSA (ST239-MRSA-III). Therefore, the prevalent genotypes circulating in Pakistan at the time of study were ST8-MRSA-IV and ST239-MRSA-III in the community and hospital settings, respectively. A set of HO-MRSA isolates collected in 1997 were characterized by PFGE and SCCmec typing for comparison. The isolates belonged to two PFGE pulsotypes (A, n=28; B, n=11) and contained just two SCCmec types. These results suggest that an increase in genetic diversity occurred over the period 1997–2007 as a result of either microevolution or the importation of strains from surrounding areas.

Genetically unique microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi strain type III isolated from squirrel monkeys

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokiko Asakura ◽  
Susumu Nakamura ◽  
Mariko Ohta ◽  
Yumi Une ◽  
Koji Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Encephalitozoon Cuniculi ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Strain Type

scholarly journals Life history and environmental variation interact to determine effective population to census size ratio

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1605) ◽  
pp. 3065-3073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F Turner ◽  
Megan J Osborne ◽  
Gregory R Moyer ◽  
Melissa A Benavides ◽  
Dominique Alò
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Census Size ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Successful Recovery

Successful recovery and sustainability of threatened and exploited species depends in part on retention and maintenance of genetic diversity. Theory indicates that genetic diversity is lost at a rate inversely proportional to the genetically effective population size ( N e ), which is roughly equal to one-half the adult census size ( N ) in many organisms. However, N e has been reported to be up to five orders of magnitude lower than N in species with life histories that result in type III survivorship (high fecundity, but heavy mortality in early life stages, e.g. bony fishes), prompting speculation that low values of N e may be a general feature of such organisms despite sometimes vast abundances. Here, we compared N e and the ratio N e / N across three ecologically similar fish species from the arid southwestern United States, all with type III life histories but with differing expectations of egg and larval survivorship that correlate with the degree of human-imposed habitat fragmentation. Our study indicates that type III life history may be necessary, but this alone is insufficient to account for extraordinarily low values of N e / N . Rather, life history interacts with environmentally imposed mortality to determine the rate and magnitude of change in genetic diversity in these desert fish species.

scholarly journals Extremely Reduced Levels of Heterozygosity in the Vertebrate Pathogen Encephalitozoon cuniculi

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Selman ◽  
Bohumil Sak ◽  
Martin Kváč ◽  
Laurent Farinelli ◽  
Louis M. Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Nuclear State ◽  
Encephalitozoon Cuniculi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mode Of Reproduction ◽  
Illumina Sequence ◽  
Intrinsic Capacity ◽  
Basic Characteristics

ABSTRACT The genomes of microsporidia in the genus Encephalitozoon have been extensively studied for their minimalistic features, but they have seldom been used to investigate basic characteristics of the biology of these organisms, such as their ploidy or their mode of reproduction. In the present study, we aimed to tackle this issue by mapping Illumina sequence reads against the genomes of four strains of E. cuniculi . This approach, combined with more conventional molecular biology techniques, resulted in the identification of heterozygosity in all strains investigated, a typical signature of a diploid nuclear state. In sharp contrast with similar studies recently performed on a distant microsporidian lineage ( Nematocida spp.), the level of heterozygosity that we identified across the E. cuniculi genomes was found to be extremely low. This reductive intraindividual genetic variation could result from the long-term propagation of these strains under laboratory conditions, but we propose that it could also reflect an intrinsic capacity of these vertebrate pathogens to self-reproduce.

Some Observations on Changes in Denervated Taste Buds of Circumvallate Papillae of Rabbits

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 308-309
Author(s):  
Sunao Fujimoto ◽  
Raymond G. Murray ◽  
Assia Murray
Keyword(s):  
Taste Buds ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Dark Cells ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Circumvallate Papillae ◽  
Taste Bud Cells ◽  
Light Cells

Taste bud cells in circumvallate papillae of rabbit have been classified into three groups: dark cells; light cells; and type III cells. Unilateral section of the 9th nerve distal to the petrosal ganglion was performed in 18 animals, and changes of each cell type in the denervated buds were observed from 6 hours to 10 days after the operation.Degeneration of nerves is evident at 12 hours (Fig. 1) and by 2 days, nerves are completely lacking in the buds. Invasion by leucocytes into the buds is remarkable from 6 to 12 hours but then decreases. Their extrusion through the pore is seen. Shrinkage and disturbance in arrangement of cells in the buds can be seen at 2 days. Degenerated buds consisting of a few irregular cells and remnants of degenerated cells are present at 4 days, but buds apparently normal except for the loss of nerve elements are still present at 6 days.

Methionine-Specific Staining of Collagen

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
E.M. Kuhn ◽  
K.D. Marenus ◽  
M. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Fibers composed of different types of collagen cannot be differentiated by conventional electron microscopic stains. We are developing staining procedures aimed at identifying collagen fibers of different types.Pt(Gly-L-Met)Cl binds specifically to sulfur-containing amino acids. Different collagens have methionine (met) residues at somewhat different positions. A good correspondence has been reported between known met positions and Pt(GLM) bands in rat Type I SLS (collagen aggregates in which molecules lie adjacent to each other in exact register). We have confirmed this relationship in Type III collagen SLS (Fig. 1).

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