scholarly journals Cancer: Full immunity needed to fight cancer

Nature ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 468 (7325) ◽  
pp. 735-735
Keyword(s):  
Full Immunity

scholarly journals Revaccination as a measure of immunity to smallpox

1944 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Horgan ◽  
Mansour Ali Haseeb
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Variola Virus ◽  
Elementary Body ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Insertion Technique ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Full Immunity

1. Serological methods for the determination of smallpox immunity are briefly discussed, and it is concluded that they are unlikely to provide a diagnostic method of sufficient accuracy.2. Experimental work is recorded which shows certain differences in the response of previously vaccinated individuals, revaccinated simultaneously with a standard vaccine lymph and an elementary body suspension (vaccinia) of high potency. The significance of these differences is discussed.3. The results indicate that although the advantage of the e.b. suspension over vaccine lymph is relatively insignificant, that of two insertions over one is very marked. In revaccination the routine use of one insertion only may result in a certain number of semi-immunes (vaccinoids) being erroneously reported as immunes.4. It is concluded that if the two insertion technique be practised, persons showing immune reactions (negatives) may be considered, in all probability, as possessing full immunity to vaccinia-variola virus.

scholarly journals The epidemiological consequences of immune priming

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1746) ◽  
pp. 4505-4512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah J. Tidbury ◽  
Alex Best ◽  
Mike Boots
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Invertebrate Immunity ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Pathogen Persistence ◽  
Full Immunity

Exposure to low doses of pathogens that do not result in the host becoming infectious may ‘prime’ the immune response and increase protection to subsequent challenge. There is increasing evidence that such immune priming is a widespread and important feature of invertebrate host–pathogen interactions. Immune priming clearly has implications for individual hosts but will also have population-level implications. We present a susceptible–primed–infectious model—in contrast to the classic susceptible–infectious–recovered framework—to investigate the impacts of immune priming on pathogen persistence and population stability. We describe impacts of immune priming on the epidemiology of the disease in both constant and seasonal environments. A key result is that immune priming may act to destabilize population dynamics. In particular, when the proportion of individuals becoming primed rather than infected is high, but this priming does not confer full immunity, the population may be strongly destabilized through the generation of limit cycles. We discuss the implications of our model both in the context of invertebrate immunity and more widely.

4 Cartel Detection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argenton Cédric ◽  
Geradin Damien ◽  
Stephan Andreas
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Market Monitoring ◽  
Leniency Programs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
Cartel Detection

This chapter is concerned with cartel detection, through market monitoring, inspections, or well-designed leniency programs. It analyses three methods competition authorities regularly use to detect, and adduce evidence about, cartels. First, competition authorities can detect cartels by monitoring and screening markets. Second, competition authorities can conduct inspections at the business premises or private homes of cartel participants. Third, given the limitations of the first two methods, competition authorities can incentivize companies to report the cartels in which they may be involved by rewarding them for their cooperation. Pursuant to so-called leniency programmes, companies that choose to cooperate will, depending on the quality of the information provided and the time at which it is provided, benefit from full immunity from fines or significant fine reductions (partial immunity). Following in the footsteps of the US Department of Justice, the European Commission adopted a Leniency Notice in 1996, the application of which has allowed it to uncover a vast number of cartels.

scholarly journals Human Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum Increases during Puberty and Is Predicted by Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Kurtis ◽  
Ramadhan Mtalib ◽  
Frederick K. Onyango ◽  
Patrick E. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Tanner Staging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum develops slowly in areas of endemicity, and this is often ascribed to poorly immunogenic or highly variant parasite antigens. However, among populations newly exposed to malaria, adults acquire immunity more rapidly than children. We examined the relationship between pubertal development and resistance to P. falciparum. During two transmission seasons in western Kenya, we treated the same cohort of young males to eradicate P. falciparum and then obtained blood smears each week for 4 months. We determined pubertal development by Tanner staging and by levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and testosterone in plasma. In multivariate and age-stratified analyses, we examined the effect of pubertal development on resistance to malaria. In both seasons (n = 248 and 144 volunteers, respectively), older males were less susceptible than younger males. Age-related decreases in the frequency and density of parasitemia were greatest during puberty (15- to 20-year-olds). DHEAS and testosterone were significant independent predictors of resistance to P. falciparum parasitemia, even after accounting for the effect of age. Fifteen- to 20-year-old males with high DHEAS levels had a 72% lower mean parasite density (P < 0.01) than individuals with low DHEAS levels. Similarly, 21- to 35-year-old males with high DHEAS levels had a 92% lower mean parasite density (P < 0.001) and 48% lower frequency of parasitemia (P < 0.05) than individuals with low DHEAS levels. These data suggest that the long period needed to attain full immunity could be explained as a consequence of host development rather than as the requirement to recognize variant or poorly immunogenic parasite antigens.

scholarly journals No protocol and no liability: a call for COVID crisis guidelines that protect vulnerable populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 829-837
Author(s):  
Chiara Caraccio ◽  
Robert S White ◽  
Rohan Jotwani
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
New York City ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
Triage Decisions

The COVID-19 pandemic is revealing the unacceptable health disparities across New York City and in this country. The mortality rates of vulnerable and minority populations alone suggest a need to re-evaluate clinical decision making protocols, especially given the recently passed Emergency or Disaster Treatment Protection Act, which grants healthcare institutions full immunity from liability stemming from resource allocation/triage decisions. Here we examine the disparity literature against resource allocation guidelines, contending that these guidelines may propagate allocation of resources along ableist, ageist and racial biases. Finally, we make the claim that the state must successfully develop ones that ensure the just treatment of our most vulnerable.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 20 enset (Ensete ventricosum) landraces for response to Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadik Muzemil ◽  
Alemayehu Chala ◽  
Bezuayehu Tesfaye ◽  
David J. Studholme ◽  
Murray Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Ensete Ventricosum ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
New Material ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
Important Disease

AbstractBacterial wilt, caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm), formerly X. campestris pv. musacearum, is the most threatening and economically important disease of enset (Ensete ventricosum), the multipurpose food security crop orphan to south and southwestern Ethiopia. Xvm has also had a major impact on banana and plantain production in East Africa following its detection in Uganda in 2001 and subsequent spread. Effective control of this disease currently relies on integrated disease management (IDM) strategies including minimization of field pathogen inoculum and deployment of wilt resistant enset landraces. Identifying landraces with stable and durable Xvm resistance will greatly accelerate breeding of varieties that can be included as a component of IDM. In this study, 20 enset landraces previously reported to exhibit lower susceptibility to Xvm were grown in pots under open field conditions and inoculated with an aggressive Xvm inoculum isolated from a disease hotspot area. Longitudinal and survival analyses were applied to each landrace, based on disease units representing a combination of area-under-disease progress stairs, disease index and apparent infection rate. Considerable variation was observed among the 20 landraces; however, none exhibited full immunity to Xvm infection. Three landraces, viz. Hae’la, Mazia and Lemat (HML), showed lowest susceptibility to Xvm as evidenced by lower disease units and higher survival rates. Landraces Kuro, Gezewet, Bededet, and Alagena showed similar levels of Xvm infection as did HML, but with lower survival rates. By contrast, landrace Arkia showed the highest infection level and lowest survival rate, suggesting a high degree of susceptibility to Xvm. This study identifies new material that can be used in future breeding programmes to develop Xvm-resistant enset varieties.

scholarly journals Effect of information about COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and side effects on behavioural intentions: two online experiments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Kerr ◽  
Alexandra L.J. Freeman ◽  
Theresa M. Marteau ◽  
Sander van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Health Measure ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Protective Behaviours

The success of mass COVID-19 vaccination campaigns rests on widespread uptake. However, although vaccinations provide good protection, they do not offer full immunity and while they likely reduce transmission of the virus to others, the extent of this remains uncertain. This produces a dilemma for communicators who wish to be transparent about benefits and harms and encourage continued caution in vaccinated individuals but not undermine confidence in an important public health measure. In two large pre-registered experimental studies on quota-sampled UK public participants we investigate the effects of providing transparent communication--including uncertainty--about vaccination effectiveness on decision-making. In Study 1 (n = 2,097) we report that detailed information about COVID-19 vaccines, including results of clinical trials, does not have a significant impact on beliefs about the efficacy of such vaccines, concerns over side effects, or intentions to receive a vaccine. Study 2 (n = 2,217) addressed concerns that highlighting the need to maintain protective behaviours (e.g. social distancing) post-vaccination may lower perceptions of vaccine efficacy and willingness to receive a vaccine. We do not find evidence of this: transparent messages did not significantly reduce perceptions of vaccine efficacy, and in some cases increased perceptions of efficacy. We again report no main effect of messages on intentions to receive a vaccine. The results of both studies suggest that transparently informing people of the limitations of vaccinations does not reduce intentions to be vaccinated but neither does it increase intentions to engage in protective behaviours post-vaccination.

scholarly journals Cuticular defects lead to full immunity to a major plant pathogen

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Chassot ◽  
Christiane Nawrath ◽  
Jean-Pierre Métraux
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Full Immunity

scholarly journals Processing of as-48ABC RNA in AS-48 Enterocin Production by Enterococcus faecalis

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Fernández ◽  
Marina Sánchez-Hidalgo ◽  
Nieves García-Quintáns ◽  
Manuel Martínez-Bueno ◽  
Eva Valdivia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Rna Folding ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

ABSTRACT Enterocin AS-48 production and immunity characters are encoded by 10 genes (as-48ABCC1DD1EFGH) of the pMB2 plasmid from the Enterococcus faecalis S-48 strain. Among these, as-48A, encoding the AS-48 peptide, and the as-48BC genes constitute a cluster required for AS-48 biogenesis and full immunity. In this study, the levels of expression of this cluster have been altered by insertion and site-directed mutagenesis as well as by expression coupled to trans complementation. Phenotypic studies of the mutants have indicated cotranscription of the three genes and revealed that the inactivation of as-48B prevents the production of AS-48, thus confirming its essentiality in AS-48 biogenesis. These studies have also supported the involvement of as-48C in enterocin immunity. In addition, they established that the intergenic region between the as-48A and as-48B genes is decisive for AS-48 expression, since a 3-bp substitution, which should disrupt a potential 47-nucleotide complex secondary structure, resulted in a hypoproducing phenotype. Transcriptional analyses of the E. faecalis wild-type and mutant strains supports the possibility that the as-48ABC genes are transcribed from the P A promoter located upstream of as-48A. Moreover, analysis and bioinformatic predictions of RNA folding indicate that as-48ABC mRNA is processed at the secondary structure located between as-48A and as-48B. Thus, synthesis of the AS-48 peptide appears to be controlled at the posttranscriptional level and is uncoupled from as-48BC translation. This mechanism of genetic regulation has not been previously described for the regulation of bacteriocin expression in enterococci.

scholarly journals Global Dynamics of SIRS Model with No Full Immunity on Semidirected Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jiawei Huo ◽  
Yimin Li ◽  
Jing Hua
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Globally Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Infectious Disease Model ◽  
Sirs Model ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
Full Immunity

In this paper, an epidemic model with no full immunity is analyzed on semidirected networks. Directed networks led into previous scale-free networks, and we consider that some infectious diseases do not have full immunity. So we use strong self-protection instead of immunity and establish a semidirected network infectious disease model without full immunity. The basic reproduction number R0 is calculated. If R0<1, the disease-free equilibrium E0 is locally and globally asymptotically stable. And the endemic equilibrium E∗ is globally asymptotically stable in some condition. A large number of simulation results in this paper verify the correctness of the above conclusions and provide a solution for controlling disease transmission in the future.

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