scholarly journals Evaluation of 20 enset (Ensete ventricosum) landraces for response to Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadik Muzemil ◽  
Alemayehu Chala ◽  
Bezuayehu Tesfaye ◽  
David J. Studholme ◽  
Murray Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Ensete Ventricosum ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
New Material ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Full Immunity ◽  
Important Disease

AbstractBacterial wilt, caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm), formerly X. campestris pv. musacearum, is the most threatening and economically important disease of enset (Ensete ventricosum), the multipurpose food security crop orphan to south and southwestern Ethiopia. Xvm has also had a major impact on banana and plantain production in East Africa following its detection in Uganda in 2001 and subsequent spread. Effective control of this disease currently relies on integrated disease management (IDM) strategies including minimization of field pathogen inoculum and deployment of wilt resistant enset landraces. Identifying landraces with stable and durable Xvm resistance will greatly accelerate breeding of varieties that can be included as a component of IDM. In this study, 20 enset landraces previously reported to exhibit lower susceptibility to Xvm were grown in pots under open field conditions and inoculated with an aggressive Xvm inoculum isolated from a disease hotspot area. Longitudinal and survival analyses were applied to each landrace, based on disease units representing a combination of area-under-disease progress stairs, disease index and apparent infection rate. Considerable variation was observed among the 20 landraces; however, none exhibited full immunity to Xvm infection. Three landraces, viz. Hae’la, Mazia and Lemat (HML), showed lowest susceptibility to Xvm as evidenced by lower disease units and higher survival rates. Landraces Kuro, Gezewet, Bededet, and Alagena showed similar levels of Xvm infection as did HML, but with lower survival rates. By contrast, landrace Arkia showed the highest infection level and lowest survival rate, suggesting a high degree of susceptibility to Xvm. This study identifies new material that can be used in future breeding programmes to develop Xvm-resistant enset varieties.

scholarly journals Suitability of Different Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Morphologies for Photocatalytic Water Treatment

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 708
Author(s):  
Clayton Farrugia ◽  
Alessandro Di Mauro ◽  
Frederick Lia ◽  
Edwin Zammit ◽  
Alex Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Nanotubular Structure ◽  
Excellent Activity ◽  
Uva Light ◽  
High Degree

Photocatalysis has long been touted as one of the most promising technologies for environmental remediation. The ability of photocatalysts to degrade a host of different pollutants, especially recalcitrant molecules, is certainly appealing. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used extensively for this purpose. Anodic oxidation allows for the synthesis of a highly ordered nanotubular structure with a high degree of tunability. In this study, a series of TiO2 arrays were synthesised using different electrolytes and different potentials. Mixed anatase-rutile photocatalysts with excellent wettability were achieved with all the experimental iterations. Under UVA light, all the materials showed significant photoactivity towards different organic pollutants. The nanotubes synthesised in the ethylene glycol-based electrolyte exhibited the best performance, with near complete degradation of all the pollutants. The antibacterial activity of this same material was similarly high, with extremely low bacterial survival rates. Increasing the voltage resulted in wider and longer nanotubes, characteristics which increase the level of photocatalytic activity. The ease of synthesis coupled with the excellent activity makes this a viable material that can be used in flat-plate reactors and that is suitable for photocatalytic water treatment.

Genetic variability in the natural populations of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), detected by RAPD markers and by esterase isozymes

2015 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Coelho-Bortolo ◽  
C.A. Mangolin ◽  
A.S. Lapenta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Lasioderma Serricorne ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

AbstractLasioderma serricorne (F.) is a small cosmopolitan beetle regarded as a destructive pest of several stored products such as grains, flour, spices, dried fruit and tobacco. Chemical insecticides are one of the measures used against the pest. However, intensive insecticide use has resulted in the appearance of resistant insect populations. Therefore, for the elaboration of more effective control programs, it is necessary to know the biological aspects of L. serricorne. Among these aspects, the genetic variability knowledge is very important and may help in the development of new control methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of 11 natural populations of L. serricorne collected respectively in three and four towns in the states of Paraná and São Paulo, Brazil, using 20 primers random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and polymorphisms of esterases. These primers produced 352 polymorphic bands. Electrophoretic analysis of esterases allowed the identification of four polymorphic loci (Est-2, Est-4, Est-5 and Est-6) and 18 alleles. Results show that populations are genetically differentiated and there is a high level of genetic variability within populations. The high degree of genetic differentiation is not directly correlated to geographical distance. Thus, our data indicate that movement of infested commodities may contribute to the dissemination of L. serricorne, facilitating gene flow.

scholarly journals The genotypic and genetic diversity of enset (Ensete ventricosum) landraces used in traditional medicine is similar to the diversity found in starchy landraces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
gizachew Woldesenbet Nuraga ◽  
Tileye Feyissa ◽  
Kassahun Tesfaye ◽  
Manosh Kumar Biswas ◽  
Trude Schwarzacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Ensete Ventricosum ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Use Values

Abstract Background Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is a multipurpose crop extensively cultivated in southern and southwestern Ethiopia for human food, animal feed and fiber. It contributes to the food security and rural livelihoods of 20 million people. Several distinct enset landraces are cultivated for their uses in traditional medicine. Socio-economic changes and the loss of indigenous knowledge might lead to the decline of important medicinal landraces and their associated genetic diversity. However, it is currently unknown whether medicinal landraces are genetically differentiated from other landraces. Here, we characterize the genetic diversity of medicinal enset landraces to support effective conservation and utilization of their diversity Results We evaluated the genetic diversity of 51 enset landraces of which 38 have reported medicinal value. A total of 38 alleles were detected across the 15 SSR loci. AMOVA revealed that 97.6% of the total genetic variation is among individual with an FST of 0.024 between medicinal and non-medicinal landraces. A neighbor-joining tree showed four separate clusters with no correlation to the use values of the landraces. Principal coordinate analysis also confirmed the absence of distinct clustering between the groups, showing low differentiation among landraces used in traditional medicine and those having other use values. Conclusion We found that enset landraces were clustered irrespective of their use value, showing no evidence for genetic differentiation between enset grown for ‘medicinal’ uses and non-medicinal landraces. This suggests that enset medicinal properties may be restricted to a more limited number of genotypes, a product of interaction with the environment or management practice, or partly misreported. The study provide baseline information that promotes further investigations in exploiting the medicinal value of these specific landraces

British Mercantilism and the Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis P. Nettels
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Navigation Acts ◽  
High Degree

Mercantilism is defined for this discussion as a policy of government that expressed in the economic sphere the spirit of nationalism that animated the growth of the national state in early modern times. The policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war. This end was to be achieved in large measure by means of an effective control over the external activities and resources upon which the nation was dependent. In turn, that urge impelled the mercantilists to prefer colonial dependencies to independent foreign countries in seeking sources of supply. If the state could not free itself completely from trade with foreign nations, it sought to control that trade in its own interest as much as possible. To realize such objectives, mercantilism embraced three subordinate and related policies. The Corn Laws fostered the nation's agriculture and aimed to realize the ideal of self-sufficiency as regards food supply. State aids to manufacturing industries, such as the protective tariff, sought to provide essential finished goods, including the sinews of war. The Navigation Acts were intended to assure that foreign trade would be carried on in such a way as to yield the maximum advantage to the state concerned.

scholarly journals Waterlogging tolerance in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.): genotypic variability and identification of tolerant genotypes

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SULTANA ◽  
M. I. VALES ◽  
K. B. SAXENA ◽  
A. RATHORE ◽  
S. RAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Elite Breeding Lines

SUMMARYPigeonpea is an important legume crop of the semi-arid tropics. In India, pigeonpea is mostly grown in areas prone to waterlogging, resulting in major production losses. It is imperative to identify genotypes that show tolerance at critical crop growth stages to prevent these losses. A selection of 272 diverse pigeonpea accessions was evaluated for seed submergence tolerance for different durations (0, 120, 144, 168 and 192 h) under in vitro conditions in the laboratory. All genotypes exhibited high (0·79–0·98) survival rates for up to 120 h of submergence. After 192 h of submergence, the hybrids as a group exhibited significantly higher survival rates (0·79) than the germplasm (0·71), elite breeding lines (0·68) and commercial varieties (0·58). Ninety-six genotypes representing the phenotypic variation observed during laboratory screening were further evaluated for waterlogging tolerance at the early seedling stage using pots, and survival rates were recorded for 8 days after completion of the stress treatment. Forty-nine of these 96 genotypes, representing the phenotypic variation for waterlogging tolerance, were chosen in order to evaluate their performance under natural field conditions. The following cultivated varieties and hybrids were identified as tolerant after three levels of testing (in vitro, in pots and in the field): ICPH 2431, ICPH 2740, ICPH 2671, ICPH 4187, MAL 9, LRG 30, Maruti, ICPL 20128, ICPL 332, ICPL 20237, ICPL 20238, Asha and MAL 15. These materials can be used as sources of waterlogging tolerance in breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Banana contains a diverse array of endogenous badnaviruses

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. W. Geering ◽  
Neil E. Olszewski ◽  
Glyn Harper ◽  
Benham E. L. Lockhart ◽  
Roger Hull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Selective Constraint ◽  
Musa Balbisiana ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Distinct Sequence ◽  
High Degree

Banana streak disease is caused by several distinct badnavirus species, one of which is Banana streak Obino l'Ewai virus. Banana streak Obino l'Ewai virus has severely hindered international banana (Musa spp.) breeding programmes, as new hybrids are frequently infected with this virus, curtailing any further exploitation. This infection is thought to arise from viral DNA integrated in the nuclear genome of Musa balbisiana (B genome), one of the wild species contributing to many of the banana cultivars currently grown. In order to determine whether the DNA of other badnavirus species is integrated in the Musa genome, PCR-amplified DNA fragments from Musa acuminata, M. balbisiana and Musa schizocarpa, as well as cultivars ‘Obino l'Ewai’ and ‘Klue Tiparot’, were cloned. In total, 103 clones were sequenced and all had similarity to open reading frame III in the badnavirus genome, although there was remarkable variation, with 36 distinct sequences being recognized with less than 85 % nucleotide identity to each other. There was no commonality in the sequences amplified from M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, suggesting that integration occurred following the separation of these species. Analysis of rates of non-synonymous and synonymous substitution suggested that the integrated sequences evolved under a high degree of selective constraint as might be expected for a living badnavirus, and that each distinct sequence resulted from an independent integration event.

scholarly journals Endemicity ofAcinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumanniiComplex in an Intensive Care Unit in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amreeta Dhanoa ◽  
Ganeswrie Rajasekaram ◽  
Soo Sum Lean ◽  
Yuet Meng Cheong ◽  
Kwai Lin Thong
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
High Degree

Introduction.Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumanniicomplex (ACB complex) is a leading opportunistic pathogen in intensive care units (ICUs). Effective control of spread requires understanding of its epidemiological relatedness. This study aims to determine the genetic relatedness and antibiotic susceptibilities of ACB complex in an ICU in Malaysia.Methodology. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), E-test, and disk diffusion were used for isolates characterization.Results. During the study period (December 2011 to June 2012), 1023 patients were admitted to the ICU and 44 ACB complex (blood,n=21, and blind bronchial aspirates,n=23) were recovered from 38 ICU patients. Six isolates were from non-ICU patients. Of the 44 ICU isolates, 88.6% exhibited multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns. There was high degree of resistance, with minimum inhibitory concentration90(MIC90) of >32μg/mL for carbapenems and ≥256μg/mL for amikacin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and cefoperazone/sulbactam. Isolates from the main PFGE cluster were highly resistant. There was evidence of dissemination in non-ICU wards.Conclusion. High number of clonally related MDR ACB complex was found. While the ICU is a likely reservoir facilitating transmission, importation from other wards may be important contributor. Early identification of strain relatedness and implementation of infection control measures are necessary to prevent further spread.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF BIOCOMPOSITES BASED ON NANOSCALE HYDROXYAPATITE WITH ZIRCONIUM AND SILICON OXIDES

2021 ◽  
pp. 655-663
Author(s):  
Екатерина Анатольевна Богданова ◽  
Владимир Михайлович Скачков ◽  
Игорь Маратович Гиниятуллин ◽  
Данил Ильич Переверзев ◽  
Ксения Валерьевна Нефедова
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
Strength Characteristics ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
New Material ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
High Degree

В статье обсуждается возможность получения упрочненного композиционного материала с пористой структурой на основе наноструктурированного гидроксиапатита, синтезированного методом осаждения из раствора. Новый материал получен путем механохимичекого синтеза гидроксиапатита с армирующими добавками диоксида циркония и кремниевой кислоты. Синтезированные образцы аттестованы с использованием современных физико-химических методов анализа. Показано влияние качественного и количественного состава композита на протекание процессов спекания, пористость, прочностные характеристики, степень дисперсности и морфологию исследуемых образцов. Экспериментально установлено, что максимальными прочностными характеристиками и постоянным составом обладает образец Ca(PO)(OH) -15%SiO⋅nHO-5%ZrO. Композиционный материал обладает плотной равномерной структурой с высокой степенью кристалличности, с развитой пористостью, является перспективным материалом для дальнейших исследований с целью внедрения его в медицинскую практику. На разработанный композиционный материал подана заявка на патент. The article discusses the possibility of obtaining a hardened composite material with a porous structure based on nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HAP) synthesized by precipitation from a solution. The new material was obtained by the mechanochemical synthesis of HAP with reinforcing additives of zirconium dioxide and silicic acid. The synthesized samples are certified using modern physicochemical methods of analysis. The influence of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the composite on the sintering processes, porosity, strength characteristics, the degree of dispersion and morphology of the studied samples is shown. It has been experimentally established that the sample has the maximum strength characteristics and a constant composition of Ca(PO)(OH) -15%SiO⋅nHO-5%ZrO. The composite material has a dense uniform structure with a high degree of crystallinity, with a developed porosity, is a promising material for further research in order to introduce it into medical practice. A patent application has been filed for the developed composite material.

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