Chaotic, subduction-like downflows in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle

Nature ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 347 (6290) ◽  
pp. 274-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Glatzmaier ◽  
Gerald Schubert ◽  
Dave Bercovici
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Model ◽  
Earth’S Mantle

Effects of an endothermic phase transition at 670 km depth in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle

Nature ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 361 (6414) ◽  
pp. 699-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Tackley ◽  
David J. Stevenson ◽  
Gary A. Glatzmaier ◽  
Gerald Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Earth’S Mantle

scholarly journals Effects of multiple phase transitions in a three-dimensional spherical model of convection in Earth's mantle

1994 ◽  
Vol 99 (B8) ◽  
pp. 15877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Tackley ◽  
David J. Stevenson ◽  
Gary A. Glatzmaier ◽  
Gerald Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Earth’S Mantle ◽  
Multiple Phase

Melt mapped inside Earth’s mantle

Nature ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 586 (7830) ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
Laura Cobden
Keyword(s):  
Earth’S Mantle

scholarly journals Practical application of synthetic head models in real ballistic cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Riva ◽  
T. Fracasso ◽  
A. Guerra ◽  
P. Genet
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Shape Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Shape ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Representative Material

AbstractIn shooting crimes, ballistics tests are often recommended in order to reproduce the wound characteristics of the involved persons. For this purpose, several “simulants” can be used. However, despite the efforts in the research of “surrogates” in the field of forensic ballistic, the development of synthetic models needs still to be improved through a validation process based on specific real caseworks. This study has been triggered by the findings observed during the autopsy performed on two victims killed in the same shooting incident, with similar wounding characteristics; namely two retained head shots with ricochet against the interior wall of the skull; both projectiles have been recovered during the autopsies after migration in the brain parenchyma. The thickness of the different tissues and structures along the bullets trajectories as well as the incident angles between the bullets paths and the skull walls have been measured and reproduced during the assemblage of the synthetic head models. Two different types of models (“open shape” and “spherical”) have been assembled using leather, polyurethane and gelatine to simulate respectively skin, bone and soft tissues. Six shots have been performed in total. The results of the models have been compared to the findings of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and the autopsy findings.Out of the six shots, two perforated the models and four were retained. When the projectile was retained, the use of both models allowed reproducing the wounds characteristics observed on both victims in terms of penetration and ricochet behaviour. However, the projectiles recovered from the models showed less deformation than the bullets collected during the autopsies. The “open shape” model allowed a better controlling on the shooting parameters than the “spherical” model. Finally, the difference in bullet deformation could be caused by the choice of the bone simulant, which might under-represent either the strength or the density of the human bone. In our opinion, it would be worth to develop a new, more representative material for ballistic which simulates the human bone.

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