Use of Frog Eggs and Oocytes for the Study of Messenger RNA and its Translation in Living Cells

Nature ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 233 (5316) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. GURDON ◽  
C. D. LANE ◽  
H. R. WOODLAND ◽  
G. MARBAIX
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Living Cells

scholarly journals Fluctuating Diffusivity of RNA-Protein Particles: Analogy with Thermodynamics

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Yuichi Itto
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Statistical Fluctuation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Thermodynamic Entropy ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Protein Particles ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

A formal analogy of fluctuating diffusivity to thermodynamics is discussed for messenger RNA molecules fluorescently fused to a protein in living cells. Regarding the average value of the fluctuating diffusivity of such RNA-protein particles as the analog of the internal energy, the analogs of the quantity of heat and work are identified. The Clausius-like inequality is shown to hold for the entropy associated with diffusivity fluctuations, which plays a role analogous to the thermodynamic entropy, and the analog of the quantity of heat. The change of the statistical fluctuation distribution is also examined from a geometric perspective. The present discussions may contribute to a deeper understanding of the fluctuating diffusivity in view of the laws of thermodynamics.

Self-Assembled Growing DNA Tree Mediated by Exosomes for Amplified Imaging of Messenger RNA in Living Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Fang ◽  
Yuming Li ◽  
Song Hu ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Self Assembled

Messenger RNA Trafficking in Living Cells

2009 ◽  
pp. 43-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Kubitscheck ◽  
Roman Veith ◽  
Jrg Ritter ◽  
Jan-Peter Siebrasse
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Rna Trafficking

scholarly journals Numerical operations in living cells by programmable RNA devices

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. eaax0835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Endo ◽  
Karin Hayashi ◽  
Hirohide Saito
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Design Principle ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Multiple Biomarkers ◽  
Intracellular Changes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Single Living Cells ◽  
Single Living ◽  
Numerical Operations

Integrated bioengineering systems can make executable decisions according to the cell state. To sense the state, multiple biomarkers are detected and processed via logic gates with synthetic biological devices. However, numerical operations have not been achieved. Here, we show a design principle for messenger RNA (mRNA) devices that recapitulates intracellular information by multivariate calculations in single living cells. On the basis of this principle and the collected profiles of multiple microRNA activities, we demonstrate that rationally programmed mRNA sets classify living human cells and track their change during differentiation. Our mRNA devices automatically perform multivariate calculation and function as a decision-maker in response to dynamic intracellular changes in living cells.

THE TRANSLATION OF MESSENGER RNA INJECTED IN LIVING OOCYTES OF XENOPUS LAEVIS

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (Suppl) ◽  
pp. S225-S243 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gurdon
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cell Component ◽  
Globin Mrna ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Different Cell Types

ABSTRACT Messenger RNA (mRNA) can be injected in known quantities into oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis. Haemoglobin mRNA from rabbit, mouse, or duck blood cells is accurately translated, and oocytes can translate messages from different cell-types of all vertebrate groups. Oocytes and eggs have a spare capacity to translate injected messages, even when supplied in excess, and these do not compete with the cells' own messages already in use. The cell component which restricts the translation of injected mRNA above a saturating amount appears not to be KCl-released ribosome factors or transfer RNA. A message-specific component may be responsible for the lower efficiency of translation of α than of β globin mRNA in oocytes. Injected haemoglobin mRNA appears to be translated less frequently in oocytes than in reticulocytes at the same temperature, but continues to be translated in oocytes at nearly the same rate for a period of up to nearly 2 weeks. The injection of mRNA into oocytes is especially valuable for studying the control of protein synthesis in living cells.

scholarly journals Toxicodynamic aspects and new tools for assessing acetaminophen toxicity: a review

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Fernando Wendel Franco ◽  
Maíra Casali Malonn
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Acetaminophen Toxicity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Toxicity Mechanisms

Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or APAP is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug responsible for many cases of intoxication, suicide, and liver toxicity. Due to its toxicity mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated and this literature review aims to objectively bring some of the most recent and relevant scientific discoveries that can help in the understanding of the subject. After being ingested, paracetamol is absorbed and begins to be digested in the stomach, then being metabolized by the liver through phase I and phase II (glucuronyltransferases and sulfotransferases). When present in excess in the body, APAP forms an active metabolite known as N-acetyl-para-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI). This metabolite is a reactive species capable of binding to living cells and proteins causing damages, which are largely responsible for injuries, especially in the liver. As a conclusion of this study, it can be inferred that the lesions caused by acetaminophen, in addition to protein adducts, also extend to mitochondria and proteins. New markers, in addition to enzymes already known from the CYP families, also include proteins and cytokines, in addition to molecular methods, messenger RNA and micro RNA have been used to study hepatotoxicity by APAP. This makes it easier to deeply understand the mechanisms of toxicity induced by acetaminophen and then to advance in studies with new therapies.

scholarly journals Extraribosomal Functions of Cytosolic Ribosomal Proteins in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xiong ◽  
Ting Lan ◽  
Beixin Mo
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ribosome Assembly ◽  
Microrna Biogenesis ◽  
Polypeptide Synthesis ◽  
The Future

Ribosomes are basic translational machines in all living cells. The plant cytosolic ribosome is composed of four rRNAs and approximately 81 ribosomal proteins (RPs). In addition to the fundamental functions of RPs in the messenger RNA decoding process as well as in polypeptide synthesis and ribosome assembly, extraribosomal functions of RPs that occur in the absence of the ribosome have been proposed and studied with respect to RPs’ ability to interact with RNAs and non-ribosomal proteins. In a few cases, extraribosomal functions of several RPs have been demonstrated with solid evidences in plants, including microRNA biogenesis, anti-virus defenses, and plant immunity, which have fascinated biologists. We believe that the widespread duplication of RP genes in plants may increase the potential of extraribosomal functions of RPs and more extraribosomal functions of plant RPs will be discovered in the future. In this article we review the current knowledge concerning the extraribosomal functions of RPs in plants and described the prospects for future research in this fascinating area.

scholarly journals Formation of an RNA Quadruplex-Duplex Hybrid in Living Cells between mRNA of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and a G-Rich Antisense Oligoribonucleotide

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2375
Author(s):  
Dorota Gudanis ◽  
Damian Kaniowski ◽  
Katarzyna Kulik ◽  
Daniel Baranowski ◽  
Zofia Gdaniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Antisense DNA oligonucleotides, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and CRISPR/Cas9 genetic tools are the most useful therapeutic nucleic acids regulating gene expression based on the antisense specificity towards messenger RNA. Here, we present an effective novel strategy for inhibiting translation based on the antisense-controlled formation of an RNA quadruplex-duplex hybrid (QDH) between a G-rich RNA antisense oligoribonucleotide (Q-ASO) and specific mRNA, comprising two distant G-tracts. We selected epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a well-established target protein in anticancer therapy. The chemically modified, bi-functional anti-EGFR Q-ASO and a 56-nt long EGFR mRNA fragment, in the presence of potassium ions, were shown to form in vitro very stable parallel G-quadruplex containing a 28-nt long external loop folding to two duplex-stem structure. Besides, the Q-ASOs effectively reduced EGFR mRNA levels compared to the non-modified RNA and DNA antisense oligonucleotides (rASO, dASO). In addition, the hybridization specificity of Q-ASO comprising a covalently attached fluorescent tag was confirmed in living cells by visualization of the G4 green fluorescent species in the presence of other antisense inhibitors under competitive conditions. The results presented here offer novel insights into the potential application of Q-ASOs for the detection and/or alteration of (patho)biological processes through RNA:RNA quadruplex-duplex formation in cellular systems.

Programmable DNA triple-helix molecular switch in biosensing applications: from in homogenous solutions to in living cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (16) ◽  
pp. 2507-2510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinting Tang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
Jianru Tang ◽  
Dandan Ma ◽  
Weijian Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Molecular Switch ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Dna Triple Helix

We demonstrated a gold nanoparticles-integrated programmable triple-helix molecular switch to realize biosensing messenger RNA from in homogenous solutions to living cells.

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