Rubratoxin B, a Proposed Structure for a Bis-anhydride from Penicillium rubrum Stoll

Nature ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 220 (5169) ◽  
pp. 767-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. MOSS ◽  
F. V. ROBINSON ◽  
A. B. WOOD ◽  
H. M. PAISLEY ◽  
J. FEENEY
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Rubrum

scholarly journals Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of some 4-((thiophen-2-yl-methylene)amino)benzenesulfonamide metal complexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vijaya Sekhar ◽  
Subhas S. Karki ◽  
Javarappa Rangaswamy ◽  
Mahesh Bhat ◽  
Sujeet Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Schiff Base ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Azomethine Nitrogen ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Sulfa Drugs ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum

Abstract Background Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) and the metals like mercury, copper, and silver bear antimicrobial properties. The discovery of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones has reduced their use. However, in some instances these drugs are the first-line treatment. The metal-based sulfonamide (e.g., silver sulfadiazine) is considered as first choice treatment in post-burn therapy while the use of silver nanoparticle-cephalexin conjugate to cure Escherichia coli infection explains the synergistic effect of sulfa drugs and their metal conjugates. With growing interest in metal-based sulfonamides and the Schiff base chemistry, it was decided to synthesize sulfonamide Schiff base metal complexes as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Results The Fe (III), Ru (III), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Pd (II), Zn (II), Cd (II), and Hg (II) metal complexes of 4-((thiophen-2-ylmethylene)-amino)-benzenesulfonamide (TMABS) were prepared and studied for thermal stability, geometry, and other electronic properties. The ligand TMABS (Schiff base) and its metal complexes were screened in-vitro for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive (+ve) Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443), Gram-negative (-ve) Escherichia coli (MTCC 40), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 3231), and fungal strains Aspergillus niger (MTCC-1344) and Penicillium rubrum by agar well diffusion method. Results summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 5 represent the inhibitory concentration (IC50) in micromole (μM). The zone of inhibition (ZI) in millimeter (mm) represents antimicrobial properties of TMABS and its metal complexes. Conclusions The synthesized sulfanilamide Schiff base (TMABS) behaved as a neutral and bidentate ligand coordinating with metal ions through its azomethine nitrogen and thiophene sulfur to give complexes with coordination number of 4 and 6 (Fig. 3). The nucleophilic addition of sulfanilamide amino group (–NH2) group to carbonyl carbon (>C=O) of benzaldehyde gave sulfanilamide Schiff base (imine) (Fig. 2). All the metal complexes were colored and stable at room temperature. With IC50 of 9.5 ± 0.1 and 10.0 ± 0.7 μM, the Co, Cu, and Pd complexes appeared better antioxidant than the ligand TMABS (155.3±0.1 μM). The zone of inhibition (ZI) of Hg (28 mm) and Ru complexes (20 mm) were similar to the ligand TMABS (20 mm) against Aspergillus niger (MTCC-1344) as in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. None of the synthesized derivatives had shown better antimicrobial properties than the standard streptomycin sulfate and fluconazole.

Strain variation in the production of Rubratoxins by penicillium rubrum stoll

1970 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Moss ◽  
I. W. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Strain Variation ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum

The Rubratoxins: Causative Agents in Food/Feedborne Disease1

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 579-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. RICHMOND ◽  
J. I. GRAY ◽  
C. M. STINE
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Penicillium Purpurogenum ◽  
Livestock Disease ◽  
Microbial Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The rubratoxins, toxic metabolites elaborated by Penicillium rubrum and Penicillium purpurogenum, have long been implicated in livestock disease. Because of this and renewed interest in these metabolites, this review was prepared. The following topics are discussed: rubratoxin occurrence; animal and microbial toxicity; morphology; isolation, identification and analysis; physical and chemical properties; new analytical methodologies; biosynthesis and toxin synthesis under controlled conditions.

Biochemical changes in rat vital organs by feeding a diet infested with Penicillium rubrum stoll

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
R.K.S. Chauhan ◽  
Asha Singh ◽  
Shashi Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum

The structure of Rubratoxin A, a toxic metabolite of Penicillium rubrum

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (41) ◽  
pp. 3586
Author(s):  
M.O. Moss ◽  
A.B. Wood ◽  
F.V. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum

The structure of rubratoxin a, a toxic metabolite of penicillium rubrum

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Moss ◽  
A.B. Wood ◽  
F.V. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum

scholarly journals Environmental and Nutritional Factors Affecting the Production of Rubratoxin B by Penicillium rubrum Stoll 1

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-473
Author(s):  
A. Wallace Hayes ◽  
Elwanda P. Wyatt ◽  
Patricia A. King
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum

Bioproduction of rubratoxin in a glucose–mineral salts broth with nutritional supplements and metabolic inhibitors

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1695-1699
Author(s):  
C. Obi Emeh ◽  
Elmer H. Marth
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Moderate Reduction ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum ◽  
Toxin Formation

A sterile glucose–salts broth fortified with various metabolic inhibitors and nutritional supplements was inoculated with conidia of Penicillium rubrum P3290, and incubated quiescently at 28 °C for 14 days. Potassium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite at all test concentrations caused moderate reduction in rubratoxin formation; at high concentrations (≥2.7 × 10−2 M) accumulation of fungal tissue was also retarded. Production of rubratoxin and cell mass was inhibited by p-aminobenzoic acid; syntheses of toxin were completely blocked by 7.5 × 10−2 M of the vitamin. Effects of sodium fluoride on P. rubrum cultures grown on inorganic nitrogen sources varied from inhibition of mold growth and (or) rubratoxin A production to reduction in formation of rubratoxin B. With organic nitrogen sources, fluoride caused a 30 and 60% reduction in synthesis of rubratoxins A and B, respectively. Sodium acetate at all test concentrations enhanced formation of rubratoxin; mold growth was enhanced when acetate concentration was ≥6.0 × 10−2 M. A moderate reduction in mold growth was caused by lower acetate concentrations (1.2 × 10−2 M or 2.4 × 10−2 M). Sodium arsenite and iodoacetate at test concentrations blocked mold growth and toxin formation; sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol caused a marked reduction in mold growth but inhibited toxin formation completely. However, sodium azide permitted slight growth and toxin formation when mold cultures were incubated for 28 days.

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