Strain variation in the production of Rubratoxins by penicillium rubrum stoll

Abstract Background Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) and the metals like mercury, copper, and silver bear antimicrobial properties. The discovery of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones has reduced their use. However, in some instances these drugs are the first-line treatment. The metal-based sulfonamide (e.g., silver sulfadiazine) is considered as first choice treatment in post-burn therapy while the use of silver nanoparticle-cephalexin conjugate to cure Escherichia coli infection explains the synergistic effect of sulfa drugs and their metal conjugates. With growing interest in metal-based sulfonamides and the Schiff base chemistry, it was decided to synthesize sulfonamide Schiff base metal complexes as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Results The Fe (III), Ru (III), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Pd (II), Zn (II), Cd (II), and Hg (II) metal complexes of 4-((thiophen-2-ylmethylene)-amino)-benzenesulfonamide (TMABS) were prepared and studied for thermal stability, geometry, and other electronic properties. The ligand TMABS (Schiff base) and its metal complexes were screened in-vitro for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive (+ve) Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 7443), Gram-negative (-ve) Escherichia coli (MTCC 40), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 3231), and fungal strains Aspergillus niger (MTCC-1344) and Penicillium rubrum by agar well diffusion method. Results summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 5 represent the inhibitory concentration (IC50) in micromole (μM). The zone of inhibition (ZI) in millimeter (mm) represents antimicrobial properties of TMABS and its metal complexes. Conclusions The synthesized sulfanilamide Schiff base (TMABS) behaved as a neutral and bidentate ligand coordinating with metal ions through its azomethine nitrogen and thiophene sulfur to give complexes with coordination number of 4 and 6 (Fig. 3). The nucleophilic addition of sulfanilamide amino group (–NH2) group to carbonyl carbon (>C=O) of benzaldehyde gave sulfanilamide Schiff base (imine) (Fig. 2). All the metal complexes were colored and stable at room temperature. With IC50 of 9.5 ± 0.1 and 10.0 ± 0.7 μM, the Co, Cu, and Pd complexes appeared better antioxidant than the ligand TMABS (155.3±0.1 μM). The zone of inhibition (ZI) of Hg (28 mm) and Ru complexes (20 mm) were similar to the ligand TMABS (20 mm) against Aspergillus niger (MTCC-1344) as in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. None of the synthesized derivatives had shown better antimicrobial properties than the standard streptomycin sulfate and fluconazole.

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Strain Variation along Cimandiri Fault, West Java Based on Continuous and Campaign GPS Observation From 2006-2016

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/132/1/012027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 132 ◽

pp. 012027

Author(s):

A A Safitri ◽

I Meilano ◽

E Gunawan ◽

H Z Abidin ◽

J Efendi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strain Variation ◽

West Java ◽

Gps Observation

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The importance of strain variation in virulence of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans: results of a blinded histopathological study of invasive candidiasis

Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02840.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 576-585 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

L.R. Ásmundsdóttir ◽

H. Erlendsdóttir ◽

B.A. Agnarsson ◽

M. Gottfredsson

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Invasive Candidiasis ◽

Candida Dubliniensis ◽

Histopathological Study ◽

Strain Variation

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Comparison of the Caries-Producing Properties of Diets 2700, 2000, and Modifications of 2000 in Rats

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345720510025001 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 543-550 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James H. Shaw

Keyword(s):

Rapid Growth ◽

Smooth Surfaces ◽

Strain Variation ◽

Caries Activity ◽

Mineral Mixture ◽

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Diet 2000 did not support as rapid growth as did diet 2700, even when supplemented simultaneously with protein, unsaturated fats, B-complex and fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals. With some strain variation, the mineral mixture as a supplement to diet 2000 caused reductions in caries activity in occlusal sulci and on smooth surfaces to about the same levels observed with diet 2700. Sucrose and confectioner's sugar fed alone alternating with laboratory meal were about equally capable of supporting caries.

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Wire Breakage Detection Using Relative Strain Variation in Unbonded Posttensioning Anchors

Journal of Bridge Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000639 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 04014056 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. B. M. Abdullah ◽

Jennifer A. Rice ◽

H. R. Hamilton

Keyword(s):

Strain Variation ◽

Wire Breakage ◽

Relative Strain

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Thermoresistance in black yeasts is associated with halosensitivity and HPP tolerance, but not with UV tolerance or sanitizer tolerance

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/jfp-21-314 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shiyu Cai ◽

Abigail Snyder

Keyword(s):

Food Production ◽

Uv Light ◽

High Pressure Processing ◽

Black Yeast ◽

Black Yeasts ◽

Strain Variation ◽

Yeast Strains ◽

Uv Tolerance ◽

Relative Stress ◽

Different Strains

Black yeasts can survive extreme conditions in food production owing to their polyextremotolerant character. However, significant strain-to-strain variation in black yeast thermoresistance has been observed. In this study, we assessed the variability in tolerance to nonthermal interventions among a collection of food-related black yeast strains. Variation in tolerance to UV light treatment, high pressure processing, sanitizers, and osmotic pressure was observed within each species. The two strains previously shown to possess high thermotolerance, Exophiala phaeomuriformis FSL-E2-0572 and Exophiala dermatitidis YB-734, were also the most HPP tolerant, but were the least halotolerant. Meanwhile, Aureobasidium pullulans FSL-E2-0290 was the most UV and sanitizer tolerant, but had been shown to have relatively low thermoresistance. Fisher’s exact tests showed that thermoresistance in black yeasts was associated with HPP tolerance and inversely with halotolerance, but no association was found with UV tolerance or sanitizer tolerance. Collectively, the relative stress tolerance among strains varied across interventions. Given this variation, a broad range of different food products are susceptible to black yeast spoilage. Additionally, different strains should be selected in challenge studies specific to the intervention. (1312/2000 characters)

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