Irradiated Mentor Pollen: Its Use in Remote Hybridization of Black Cottonwood

Nature ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 219 (5155) ◽  
pp. 746-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
REINHARD F. STETTLER
Keyword(s):  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Mentor Pollen ◽  
Remote Hybridization

The mentor pollen phenomenon in black cottonwood

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 820-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Stettler ◽  
R. P. Guries
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Foreign Pollen ◽  
Irradiated Pollen ◽  
Mentor Pollen

Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex Hook.) is in the Tacamahaca section of poplars and cannot normally be crossed with members of the Leuce section. Earlier studies had shown that such crosses succeed if black cottonwood is pollinated with a mixture of pollen, combining foreign with irradiated pollen of the maternal species. This ‘mentor’ pollen phenomenon was further studied during 1970–1975. Black cottonwood pollen, irradiated with a 60Co source at 0.4, 1, 10, and 100 kR, was indistinguishable from normal pollen in germination and tube growth in situ and promoted fruit development on cut branches but failed to set seed at the highest dosage. Pollen from P. alba var. bolleana and P. tremuloides (both Leuce) showed normal germination and stigma penetration but delayed or slowed tube growth and led to premature catkin abscission. Mixes of 20-, 40-, and 80-kR-irradiated mentor pollen mixed with foreign pollen resulted in good fruit development but little seed set, probably because the mentor pollen successfully competed for available ovules without producing embryos. Hybrid seedlings were weak and susceptible to early mortality. Incompatibility in these crosses is manifest inside the stigmatic and stylar tissue and resembles gametophytic self-incompatibility. The irradiated mentor pollen in black cottonwood seems to facilitate hybridization indirectly through the promotion of fruit development rather than as a provider of recognition substances to the associated foreign pollen, as described for other poplars.

scholarly journals A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Tobias G Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Oxidative Pathway

AbstractBenzenoids (C6–C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6–C3). The biosynthesis of C6–C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.

scholarly journals Using Discrete-Point LiDAR to Classify Tree Species in the Riparian Pacific Northwest, USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2647
Author(s):  
Julia Tatum ◽  
David Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Riparian Landscape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Species Mapping

Practical methods for tree species identification are important for both land management and scientific inquiry. LiDAR has been widely used for species mapping due to its ability to characterize 3D structure, but in structurally complex Pacific Northwest forests, additional research is needed. To address this need and to determine the feasibility of species modeling in such forests, we compared six approaches using five algorithms available in R’s lidR package and Trimble’s eCognition software to determine which approach most consistently identified individual trees across a heterogenous riparian landscape. We then classified segments into Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa), and red alder (Alnus rubra). Classification accuracies based on the best-performing segmentation method were 91%, 92%, and 84%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate tree species modeling from LiDAR in a natural Pacific Northwest forest, and the first to model Pacific Northwest species at the landscape scale. Our results suggest that LiDAR alone may provide enough information on tree species to be useful to land managers in limited applications, even under structurally challenging conditions. With slight changes to the modeling approach, even higher accuracies may be possible.

Organ culture with black cottonwood: morphogenetic response of female catkin primordia

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bawa ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Catkin

Female catkin primordia of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex Hook.) were cultured for 70 days on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium in vitro. Explants 2–3 mm long, and with bud scales removed, gave the best results, many of them developing floral structures characteristic of the female sex. There was a general tendency to callus formation with increasing age of the culture, occasionally followed by a reversal to vegetative growth. Catkin primordia raised on Wolter's medium without auxin or kinetin, but with 6-benzylaminopurine, and at 250 ft-c for a 16-h photoperiod, proliferated axillary shoots in loco of pistils.

Ecotypic mode of regional differentiation caused by restricted gene migration: a case in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) along the Pacific Northwest coast

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Cheng C. Ying ◽  
Alvin D. Yanchuk ◽  
Diane L. Holowachuk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Gene Migration ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Leaf Flushing

Genetic differentiation of black cottonwood ( Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook) Brayshaw) across a “no-cottonwood” belt on the coast of central British Columbia (BC), Canada, was examined using data on 3 year height, severity of infection by Valsa sordida Nitschke and Melampsora occidentalis H. Jacks., and abnormality of leaf flushing. The data were collected in a common-garden test consisting of 180 provenances of 36 drainages ranging from northern BC to Oregon, USA. The results demonstrated an ecotypic mode, north–south regional differentiation. Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region, while 66% showed flushing abnormality. In contrast, only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases, and 1% had abnormal flushing. Trees from the northern region averaged 87% shorter than those from the south. Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing. Regression analysis revealed geographic patterns that essentially reflected regional differentiation along the no-cottonwood belt. The species’ distribution biography, ecological characteristics, and life history suggest that restricted gene migration was the main factor responsible for the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.

scholarly journals Preemergence Control of Black Cottonwood in Nursery Containers

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Cottonwood Trees ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate preemergence herbicides for control of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) in nursery containers. In 2006, granular preemergence herbicides were applied to recently filled, weed-free containers in May just prior to seed release from mature cottonwood trees. Flumioxazin provided the most effective cottonwood control, although control with isoxaben + trifluralin, oxyfluorfen + oryzalin, and pendimethalin was also effective. In 2007, containers were filled February 15, and herbicides were applied to separate groups of containers on February 22, March 14, April 16, and May 15. Containers were over-seeded with cottonwood for a 2-week period starting on May 16. Control with most herbicides improved as the date of application neared the date of seeding. Flumioxazin provided the most effective control throughout the experiment, but control from it also improved as the date of application neared the time of seeding.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of black cottonwood (Populus deltoides) revealed using simple sequence repeat markers

BMC Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun Chen ◽  
Yanguang Chu ◽  
Changjun Ding ◽  
Xiaohua Su ◽  
Qinjun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Simple Sequence

Abstract Background Black cottonwood (Populus deltoides) is one of the keystone forest tree species, and has become the main breeding parents in poplar hybrid breeding. However, the genetic diversity and population structure of the introduced resources are not fully understood. Results In the present study, five loci containing null alleles were excluded and 15 pairs of SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 384 individuals from six provenances (Missouri, Iowa, Washington, Louisiana, and Tennessee (USA), and Quebec in Canada) of P. deltoides. Ultimately, 108 alleles (Na) were detected; the expected heterozygosity (He) per locus ranged from 0.070 to 0.905, and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.535. The provenance ‘Was’ had a relatively low genetic diversity, while ‘Que’, ‘Lou’, and ‘Ten’ provenances had high genetic diversity, with Shannon’s information index (I) above 1.0. The mean coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) were 0.129 and 1.931, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 84.88% of the genetic variation originated from individuals. Based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE cluster analysis, individuals distributed in the Mississippi River Basin were roughly classified as one group, while those distributed in the St. Lawrence River Basin and Columbia River Basin were classified as another group. The cluster analysis based on the population level showed that provenance ‘Iow’ had a small gene flow and high degree of genetic differentiation compared with the other provenances, and was classified into one group. There was a significant relationship between genetic distance and geographical distance. Conclusions P. deltoides resources have high genetic diversity and there is a moderate level of genetic differentiation among provenances. Geographical isolation and natural conditions may be the main factors causing genetic differences among individuals. Individuals reflecting population genetic information can be selected to build a core germplasm bank. Meanwhile, the results could provide theoretical support for the scientific management and efficient utilization of P. deltoides genetic resources, and promote the development of molecular marker-assisted breeding of poplar.

Simulating Succession of Riparian Spruce Forests and White-Tailed Deer Carrying Capacity in Northwestern Montana

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt J. Jenkins ◽  
R. Gerald Wright
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Resource Monitoring ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Winter Range ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
North Fork

Abstract Rates of succession were determined during the period 1945-80 in six floodplain plant communities along the North Fork of the Flathead River, Montana. A succession model was developed to forecast the long-range effects of land-use change on the carrying capacity of white-tailed deer winter range. The areas occupied by mature spruce (Picea englemannii x glauca hybrid) and spruce-black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) forests on the floodplain were relatively constant between 1945-1980. Early seral types were more variable due to short-term variations in river flow. Successional modelling demonstrated the effects of two timber harvesting strategies on white-tailed deer populations. Simulated populations declined following two timber harvesting schedules, but recovered after cessation of harvest. An additional application of the model showed the potential effects of increased erosion rates on deer populations and demonstrated the versatility of land succession models for resource monitoring. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):80-83, July 1987

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