Hunger-Reaction of Flies (Musca) and the Functions of their Stomatogastric System

Nature ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 169 (4292) ◽  
pp. 197-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIELS BOLWIG
Keyword(s):  
Stomatogastric System

scholarly journals Some components of the cholinergic system in the prawn Palaemonetes varians (Leach)

1973 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin D. Veldsema-Currie
Keyword(s):  
High Activity ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Stomatogastric System ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase Activity

1. An enzyme similar to mammalian acetylcholinesterase is found in high activity in the nervous tissue of Palaemonetes varians, i.e. eyes plus stalks, brain, suboesophageal ganglion and ventral cord. Acetylcholinesterase is also found associated with the abdominal muscles. Multiple enzyme forms are found in extracts of nervous tissues and muscles by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. 2. Cholinesterase is present in high activity in the stomatogastric system of P. varians. Three electrophoretically separable forms are found, having isoelectric points at pH4.2, 4.5 and 5.4. 3. Approx. 50% of the total acetylcholinesterase activity, approx. 80% of the choline acetyltransferase activity and 100% of the acetylcholine equivalents are found associated with the nervous tissue. Among the tissues examined, eyes plus stalks were the richest source of both choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine equivalents. Suboesophageal ganglion and brain also contained large amounts of these components. 4. The distribution of these components could support the function of acetylcholine as a central and/or sensory transmitter in P. varians.

Long-Term Expression of Two Interacting Motor Pattern-Generating Networks in the Stomatogastric System of Freely Behaving Lobster

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1396-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Clemens ◽  
Denis Combes ◽  
Pierre Meyrand ◽  
John Simmers
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Pyloric Network ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Stomatogastric System

Clemens, Stefan, Denis Combes, Pierre Meyrand, and John Simmers. Long-term expression of two interacting motor pattern-generating networks in the stomatogastric system of freely behaving lobster. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1396–1408, 1998. Rhythmic movements of the gastric mill and pyloric regions of the crustacean foregut are controlled by two stomatogastric neuronal networks that have been intensively studied in vitro. By using electromyographic recordings from the European lobster, Homarus gammarus, we have monitored simultaneously the motor activity of pyloric and gastric mill muscles for ≤3 mo in intact and freely behaving animals. Both pyloric and gastric mill networks are almost continuously active in vivo regardless of the presence of food. In unfed resting animals kept under “natural-like” conditions, the pyloric network expresses the typical triphasic pattern seen in vitro but at considerably slower cycle periods (2.5–3.5 s instead of 1–1.5 s). Gastric mill activity occurs at mean cycle periods of 20–50 s compared with 5–10 s in vitro but may suddenly stop for up to tens of minutes, then restart without any apparent behavioral reason. When conjointly active, the two networks express a strict coupling that involves certain but not all motor neurons of the pyloric network. The posterior pyloric constrictor muscles, innervated by a total of 8 pyloric (PY) motor neurons, are influenced by the onset of each gastric mill medial gastric/lateral gastric(MG/LG) neuron powerstroke burst, and for one cycle, PY neuron bursts may attain >300% of their mean duration. However, the duration of activity in the lateral pyloric constrictor muscle, innervated by the unique lateral pyloric (LP) motor neuron, remains unaffected by this perturbation. During this period after gastric perturbation, LP neuron and PY neurons thus express opposite burst-to-period relationships in that LP neuron burst duration is independent of the ongoing cycle period, whereas PY neuron burst duration changes with period length. In vitro the same type of gastro-pyloric interaction is observed, indicating that it is not dependent on sensory inputs. Moreover, this interaction is intrinsic to the stomatogastric ganglion itself because the relationship between the two networks persists after suppression of descending inputs to the ganglion. Intracellular recordings reveal that thisgastro-pyloric interaction originates from the gastric MG and LG neurons of the gastric network, which inhibit the pyloric pacemaker ensemble. As a consequence, the pyloric PY neurons, which are inhibited by the pyloric dilator (PD) neurons of the pyloric pacemaker group, extend their activity during the time that PD neuron is held silent. Moreover, there is evidence for a pyloro-gastric interaction, apparently rectifying, from the pyloric pacemakers back to the gastric MG/LG neuron group.

Phenetic analysis of the stomatogastric musculature of several decapod Crustacea

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Meiss ◽  
Richard S. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phenetic Analysis ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Decapod Crustacea ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Stomatogastric System

If the evolution of the decapod Crustacea is, to a large extent, the evolution of their feeding methods, then evolutionary relationships should be reflected in the skeletal, muscular, and neural organization of the stomatogastric system. Homologies of the stomach muscles of several species of decapod Crustacea were identified by ossicle attachment sites. All species within a single infraorder were highly similar in muscle organization to each other but clear differences between infraorders were noted. A phenetic analysis yields a phenogram which reproduces the taxonomic scheme of earlier zoologists, based on independent external morphological characters. Identification of muscle relationships in this way is an essential step towards the comparative study of small motor systems producing stereotyped behaviors.

Differential and History-Dependent Modulation of a Stretch Receptor in the Stomatogastric System of the Crab, Cancer borealis

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 3608-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Birmingham ◽  
Cyrus P. Billimoria ◽  
Timothy R. DeKlotz ◽  
Raj A. Stewart ◽  
Eve Marder
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Cancer Borealis ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Spontaneous Firing Rate ◽  
Stomatogastric System

Neuromodulators can modify the magnitude and kinetics of the response of a sensory neuron to a stimulus. Six neuroactive substances modified the activity of the gastropyloric receptor 2 (GPR2) neuron of the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the crab Cancer borealis during muscle stretch. Stretches were applied to the gastric mill 9 (gm9) and the cardio-pyloric valve 3a (cpv3a) muscles. SDRNFLRFamide and dopamine had excitatory effects on GPR2. Serotonin, GABA, and the peptide allatostatin-3 (AST) decreased GPR2 firing during stretch. Moreover, SDRNFLRFamide and TNRNFLRFamide increased the unstimulated spontaneous firing rate, whereas AST and GABA decreased it. The actions of AST and GABA were amplitude- and history-dependent. In fully recovered preparations, AST and GABA decreased the response to small-amplitude stretches proportionally more than to those evoked by large-amplitude stretches. For large-amplitude stretches, the effects of AST and GABA were more pronounced as the number of recent stretches increased. The modulators that affected the stretch-induced GPR2 firing rate were also tested when the neuron was operating in a bursting mode of activity. Application of SDRNFLRFamide increased the bursting frequency transiently, whereas high concentrations of serotonin, AST, and GABA abolished bursting altogether. Together these data demonstrate that the effects of neuromodulators depend on the previous activity and current state of the sensory neuron.

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