Colloid Osmotic Pressure of the Body Fluids of Freshwater Animals

Nature ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 138 (3485) ◽  
pp. 287-288
Author(s):  
PAUL MEYER
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body

scholarly journals The Mechanism of Urine Formation in Invertebrates

1936 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-328
Author(s):  
L. E. R. PICKEN
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Urine Formation

1. In Carcinus maenas: (a) The blood may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic to the external medium. (b) The urine may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic to the blood, and its concentration may differ in the two antennary glands. (c) The hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid is c. 13 cm. of water. (d) The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is c. 11 cm. of water. (e) The urine probably contains protein and has a colloid osmotic pressure of c. 3 cm. of water. 2. In Potamobius fluviatilis: (a) The blood is hypertonic to the external medium. (b) The urine is hypotonic to the blood but hypertonic to the external medium and its concentration may differ in the two antennary glands. (c) The hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid is c. 20 cm. of water. (d) The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is c. 15 cm. of water. (e) The urine may contain protein and has a colloid osmotic pressure (calculated) of c. 2 cm. of water. 3. In Peripatopsis spp.: (a) The blood is hypertonic to the urine. (b) The hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid is c. 10 cm. of water. (c) The colloid osmotic pressure (calculated) of the blood is c. 5 cm. of water. (d) The urine may contain protein and has a colloid osmotic pressure (calculated) of c. 2.5 cm. of water. 4. It is concluded that filtration is possible and that secretion and resorption almost certainly occur in the formation of the urine. 5. A microthermopile is described. 6. Methods are described for measuring the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid osmotic pressures of the body fluids in small animals.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN EDEMA

1910 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyer S. Fleisher ◽  
Leo Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Uranium Nitrate ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

I. In normal animals the injection of caffeine slightly diminishes the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, in spite of the fact that the amount of fluid and sodium chloride eliminated through the kidneys is markedly increased. The lessened absorption of fluid is due to a slight lowering of the osmotic pressure of the blood. II. In nephrectomized animals caffeine increases the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity; the increase in absorption is greater in nephrectomized animals which received caffeine than in nephrectomized animals which did not receive this substance, and it is due to additive increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood. In a similar manner, caffeine increases the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity in animals in which, instead of nephrectomy, other operations, not directly affecting the kidneys, had been performed. In this case also the increase in absorption is presumably preceded by and due to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the blood. III. In animals injected with uranium nitrate three days previously, caffeine diminishes the absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity, notwithstanding the high osmotic pressure of the blood which we observe in such animals. This agrees with the results of our previous experiments in which we found that in animals injected with uranium nitrate the absorption of fluid is not increased in spite of the rise of the osmotic pressure of the blood. IV. At the time of the conclusion of the absorption experiments, the amount of fluid retained in the vessels was found to be diminished in each series in which caffeine was used. Only in certain cases can this be due to the increased amount of fluid leaving the blood vessels through the kidneys; in other cases it can only be due to a movement of water from the blood vessels into the tissues caused by the injection of caffeine. V. In normal animals, in nephrectomized animals and in animals in which an operation not directly affecting the kidneys had been performed, caffeine causes an absolute and relative increase in the elimination of sodium chloride from the peritoneal fluid, as a result of which the remaining peritoneal fluid shows a lessened content of sodium chloride. Caffeine causes also a decrease in the sodium chloride content of the blood. We see, therefore, that under the influence of caffeine a greater amount of sodium chloride is eliminated from the body fluids into the tissues or through the kidneys. The factors which cause the sodium chloride to leave the body fluids are probably primarily responsible for the diuresis which takes place after administration of caffeine. In the case of caffeine and other similar substances the diuresis is, therefore, in all probability not due primarily to a specific action of the kidney, but to conditions which affect the distribution of sodium chloride in the body. VI. The distribution coefficient of other osmotically active substances differs from that of sodium chloride. These other substances have a tendency to move into the body fluids in increased quantities under the influence of caffeine. VII. Summarizing all experiments in which we studied the absorption from the peritoneal cavity, we may state that changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood represent the principal factor in explaining the variations in the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity. VIII. There exists no direct relation between an increase in the rate of absorption of fluid from the peritoneal cavity and an increase in the amount of urine secreted. If it should be found that even at a period following the injection of caffeine, later than that at which we have studied the absorption, a rise of the osmotic pressure of the blood does not appear, then we may state that the diminution in the amount of edema in the body cavities resulting from the administration of caffeine is entirely due to an inhibition of the production of edema and not to an increased absorption of fluid from the serous body cavities.

Do crocodiles co-opt their sense of "touch" to "taste"? A possible new type of vertebrate sensory organ

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Jackson ◽  
Daniel Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
New Type ◽  
Sense Of Touch

AbstractWe recount here two experiments carried out which suggest the existence of the first described integumentary osmoreceptor of its kind in a vertebrate. Domed pressure receptors, present on the cranial scales of alligators have previously been demonstrated to convey the sensation of "touch" when flattened by pressure. Here we find that morphologically similar domed sensory organs present on the post-cranial scales of crocodylid but not alligatorid crocodilians flatten when exposed to increased osmotic pressure, such as that experienced when swimming in sea water hyper-osmotic to the body fluids. When contact between the integument and the surrounding sea water solution is blocked, crocodiles are found to lose their ability to discriminate salinities. We propose that the flattening of the sensory organ in hyper-osmotic sea water is sensed by the animal as "touch", but interpreted as chemical information about its surroundings.

scholarly journals The osmotic changes in some marine animals

1931 ◽  
Vol 107 (754) ◽  
pp. 606-624 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Animals

Since Bottazzi's (1897) first determinations of the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of various marine animals many researches have been performed by other authors, particularly in reference to the permeability of the membranes separating the body from its surroundings. Bottazzi (1897, 1906, 1908, b) investigated individuals belonging to very different groups of animals, and found that the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, is very similar to that of the surroundings, while the osmotic pressure of the blood of teleosts is quite different. Changing the osmotic pressure of the medium, the osmotic pressure of most marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, was shown to change in the same direction (L. Fredericq, 1882, 1904; Quinton, 1897; Dakin, 1908) and to reach, finally, the value of the former. The blood of teleosts is much more independent of the medium, for it shown to change only about 30 percent, in concentration, on transferring the animals from sea water to fresh water or vice versa (Dakin, 1908; Dekhuyzen, 1904: Sumner, 1905); other authors, however (fredericq, 1904: Garrey, 1905) could not field even these variations.

scholarly journals The Osmotic Relations of the Earthworm

1949 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
J. A. RAMSAY
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Fluid Blood

1. Osmotic pressure and chloride concentration have been determined for the coelomic fluid, blood and urine of earthworms kept in various saline media. 2. About 50% of the osmotic pressure of the coelomic fluid and of the blood can be accounted for as chloride. The blood is very slightly hypotonic to the coelomic fluid. 3. As the concentration of the medium is increased the osmotic pressure of the body fluids also increases and is always greater than that of the medium; the chloride increases proportionately, but is less than that of the medium when the latter exceeds 0.35% NaCl. 4. The urine is always strongly hypotonic to the body fluids except possibly in the most concentrated media (over 1.0% NaCl). 5. The osmotic relations of the earthworm are such as are characteristic of fresh-water animals generally.

The Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Composition of Human Body Fluids

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Synovial Fluids ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fluid Collections

Abstract The total osmotic pressure (osmolarity) of each of a series of true body fluids has been measured and compared with that of the corresponding serum. Included were ascitic, cerebrospinal, hydrocele, edema, pericardial, pleural, spermatocele, and synovial fluids. In each case, the fluid was found to have the same osmolarity as that of the corresponding serum within the limits of experimental error. The conclusion has been reached that there is a law of constant osmotic pressure of all true body fluids (as distinct from secretions) and that this law holds whether the subject is biochemically normal or abnormal. Examination of the protein and ionic concentrations of these fluids strongly points to the conclusion that neither colloid osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, nor membrane damage can be the primary cause of these abnormal fluid collections. Some profound chemical differences have been demonstrated between the ionic composition of certain of these fluids and that of the corresponding serum. Additional evidence has been presented showing that intraand extracellular osmolarities are identical in the erythrocyte in a wide variety of abnormal cases.

The colloid osmotic pressures of invertebrate body fluids

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-671
Author(s):  
C. P. Mangum ◽  
K. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Haem Proteins ◽  
Osmotic Activity ◽  
Colligative Properties

Colloid osmotic pressures of the body fluids of twenty invertebrate species were measured directly. The results, which are generally lower than predicted values for the same species, pertain to several physiological questions: (1) they do not quantitatively explain the frequently observed hyperosmoticity of body fluids in species believed to be osmoconformers, indicating that the condition cannot be merely a consequence of a Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium; (2) the excess of hydrostatic over colloid osmotic pressure is very small. This result supports the hypothesis that the oxygen transport function of bloods with extracellular haemocyanins and haem proteins is limited by their colligative properties; (3) the pressure relationships and the absence of colloid osmotic activity in urine indicates that filtration contributes to urine formation in several species.

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