scholarly journals The Daily Food Ration of Great Britain 1

Nature ◽  
1916 ◽  
Vol 96 (2416) ◽  
pp. 687-690
Author(s):  
W. H. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Food Ration

Regulation of food intake by neuropeptide Y in goldfish

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (3) ◽  
pp. R1025-R1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwaraj K. Narnaware ◽  
Pierre P. Peyon ◽  
Xinwei Lin ◽  
Richard E. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Y1 Receptor ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Food Ration ◽  
Brain Ventricle ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

In mammals, neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic factor. In the present study, third brain ventricle (intracerebroventricular) injection of goldfish NPY (gNPY) caused a dose-dependent increase in food intake in goldfish, and intracerebroventricular administration of NPY Y1-receptor antagonist BIBP-3226 decreased food intake; the actions of gNPY were blocked by simultaneous injection of BIBP-3226. Goldfish maintained on a daily scheduled feeding regimen display an increase in NPY mRNA levels in the telencephalon-preoptic area and hypothalamus shortly before feeding; however, a decrease occured in optic tectum-thalamus. In both fed and unfed fish, brain NPY mRNA levels decreased after scheduled feeding. Restriction in daily food ration intake for 1 wk or food deprivation for 72 h resulted in increased brain NPY mRNA levels. Results from these studies demonstrate that NPY is a physiological brain signal involved in feeding behavior in goldfish, mediating its effects, at least in part, through Y1-like receptors in the brain.

scholarly journals Experimental Rearing of Spiny Lobster, Panulirus homarus (Palinuridae) in Land-Based Tanks at Mirbat Station (Sultanate of Oman) in 2009-2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Balkhair ◽  
Ali Al-Mashiki ◽  
Mikhail Chesalin
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Length Increment ◽  
Daily Food Ration ◽  
Average Size

Two experiments on the rearing of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus were conducted in land-based tanks at Mirbat Aquaculture Unit from June to December 2009 and January-December 2010. In the first experiment 14 lobsters with an average size of 64.9±7.4 mm CL and weight of 297.8±98.0 g were reared to an average of 71.7±7.2 mm CL and weight of 384.0±114.8 g over 187 days. In the second experiment 45 lobsters were reared from an initial length of 45.4±4.6 mm CL and weight of 118.9 g to a length 66.0±7.1 mm CL and a weight of 304.1 g over 335 days. Total length increment was 45.8% and weight increment 155.1%. The daily food ration was 3.0-8.8%. The survival rate in the first experiment was 92.9%, in the second experiment it was also high (86.7%) during the first six months. In both experiments males grew faster than females. While the water temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen reflected the ambient condition of the Arabian Sea, these were not optimal levels for lobsters culture. The salinity was higher (37.5 ppt), while the water temperature was low (<20oC) during the summer monsoon. The study demonstrated the possibility of cultivating sub-adult lobsters in Oman from 40–45 mm CL and 100 g to maturity stage, obtaining the legal size of 70 mm CL and a weight of about 350 g over a year. It is recommended that the next experiment be conducted in floating sea cages from October to June. 

Evidence that Feeding Motivation Alone cannot Explain Oral Stereotypy in Sows

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
Marie Haskell ◽  
E.M.Claudia Tcrlouw ◽  
Alistair B. Lawrence ◽  
Hans W. Erhard
Keyword(s):  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Feeding Motivation ◽  
Daily Food Ration ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Oral Stereotypy ◽  
Normal Food

There has been much debate on the causes of stereotypy, but the motivational bases of these abnormal behaviours have yet to be fully understood. In the case of oral stereotypies in sows, there is evidence that the motivation to perform feeding behaviour may be involved. Restrictively-fed sows are highly food-motivated for large periods of the day. It has been shown that high-fed gilts perform stereotypies at a lower rate than low-fed gilts indicating that the level of feeding is important (Terlouw et al., 1991). Oral stereotypies in sows occur largely within a specific time after the daily food ration has been consumed. In sows housed in barren pens stereotypy is expressed as excessive drinking or chewing bars or chains, while sows housed on straw will nose and chew the bedding excessively in the same time period after feeding (Burbidge et al, 1993). The behaviour patterns are similar to those used in normal food-searching behaviour, but occur in the absence of reward. It has been suggested that oral stereotypy is the result of the appetitive phase of foraging entering a closed loop of repetition as the normal goal, attainment of more food, cannot be achieved (Hughes & Duncan, 1988). Two experiments were designed to examine the behavioural response to size and frequency of food rewards and they represent the first in a series of experiments which investigate the bases of stereotypies.

scholarly journals Introduction to trophology of walleye pollock

2015 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-185
Author(s):  
Anatoly F. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Walleye Pollock ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Food Ration ◽  
Functional Features

Various aspects of walleye pollock feeding at different stages of its ontogenesis are reviewed and discussed. Structure and functional features of its mouth organs are considered with meristic and quantitative description of the filter one. Lists of pollock prey are presented with attention to changes of food composition and dominant species in the process of its growth from larvae to adult fish. Daily rhythm of feeding is not usual for pollock, but it appears locally and temporary under regional or seasonal conditions of its prey (i.e. plankton). An important feature of the pollock trophology is cannibalism on its own larvae and underyearlings that allows to the population to extend the food spectrum toward small-sized zooplankton. Activity of the pollock feeding can change in several times during the year in dependence on food resources and physiological state of the fish. Year-to-year variability of mass groups of prey (copepods, euphausiids, hyperiids) abundance sometimes coincides with the pollock stock changes in the northern Okhotsk Sea, but variations of arroworms abundance (not important for pollock) never coincide with the stock changes. Daily food ration of pollock (relative to body weight) decreases with its age, but its absolute individual consumption increases that could be a reason of food conversion underestimation. However, large fish are few and feed mostly on fish and benthic invertebrates (similar to cod), so their consumption of zooplankton could be ignored.

scholarly journals Composition of the Daily Food Ration in Ivory Coast

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Drogba Alexis Sahoré ◽  
Olga Yolande Aké Ako ◽  
Joachim Levry Abouattier
Keyword(s):  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Food Ration

scholarly journals WHEN NUMBERS REPRESENTED POVERTY: THE CHANGING MEANING OF THE FOOD RATION IN FRENCH COLONIAL AFRICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENT BONNECASE
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
World War ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Knowledge ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article examines the evolution of dietary knowledge about French colonial Africa, from the 1920s to the early 1950s. More specifically, it focuses on efforts to quantify daily food intake by tracing the different meanings assigned to nutrition over time. While such statistics were used as early as the 1920s to evaluate the food consumption of populations most useful to the imperial economy, it was only after the Second World War that they became a means of measuring living standards according to universal metrics. This history invites us to reflect on how poverty in Africa came to be recognized as a problem, by showing that such a process has neither been based entirely on social reality nor on the knowledge produced to delineate privation. Rather it also emerged from the changing set of meanings associated with this knowledge.

scholarly journals Utilization of Periphytic Natural Food as Partial Replacement of Commercial Food in Organic Tilapia Culture - An Overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Milstein ◽  
Alon Naor ◽  
Assaf Barki ◽  
Sheenan Harpaz
Keyword(s):  
Pond Water ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Fish Grazing

ABSTRACT This article summarizes the results obtained during five years of research at the Dor Fish and Aquaculture Research Station on partial replacement of commercial food by periphytic natural food in the culture of organic tilapia (hybrid Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner) x Oreochromis niloticus (L.)). Tilapia culture experiments were conducted in earth ponds with and without substrates, utilizing different substrates. Tilapias of sizes ranging from nursery to market-size fish were tested. Fish were stocked at densities common in organic fish culture, i.e. 5 tilapia/m2 at the nursery stage, 1.2-1.4 tilapia/m2 at the grow-out stage. Substrate experiments were carried out in 1 m3 cages protected from fish grazing to test growth of periphyton on materials with different characteristics. The findings show that the inclusion of substrates in the water body at an amount equivalent to 40-50% of the pond water surface, allows the reduction of commercial food input by 30-40% without significantly hampering fish growth rate. It is recommended to use rough, rigid, white substrates, on which periphyton growth of 2 g dry matter/m2/day has been measured. A figure and a table are provided as a tool to estimate periphyton contribution to the fish food ration, enabling the adjustment of the remaining daily food portion to be supplied as fish biomass increases during the culture period. Applying this technology will save food and money in the culture of organic tilapia, and it can also be appropriate in the conventional pond culture of tilapia as a method to reduce feed costs and increase sustainability.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Effects of Young-Child Formulas and Cow’s Milk on Nutrient Intakes in Polish Children Aged 13–24 Months

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2511
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kostecka ◽  
Izabella Jackowska ◽  
Julianna Kostecka
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Guideline Values

Adequately balanced daily food rations that provide the body with sufficient amounts of energy and nutrients, including minerals, are particularly important in early childhood when rapid physical, intellectual and motor development takes place. Cow’s milk (CM) and young-child formulas (YCFs) are introduced to a child’s diet past the first year of age. The main aim of the present study was to perform a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of daily food rations of young children based on the recommendations of the daily food ration model. An attempt was also made to determine whether the type of consumed milk (YCF or CM) adequately meets young children’s energy demands and contributes to the incorporation of different food groups into a balanced and healthy diet for children aged 13–24 months. A total of 714 parents between October 2019 and March 2020 filled out a food frequency questionnaire. In the second stage of the study, the parents participated in a dietary recall and were asked to keep diaries of all meals and foods consumed by children over a period of three days. The mean daily intake of CM/YCF and fermented milks was determined at 360 mL ± 128 mL, and it accounted for 55.4% of the guideline values. Flavored dairy products were consumed more frequently than fermented milks without added sugar or flavoring (94 ± 17 g vs. 56 ± 26 g, p < 0.05). Diets incorporating CM were significantly more abundant in protein than YCF diets (29.3 g vs. 21.9 g; p < 0.01). Liquid intake was somewhat higher in children fed YCFs (1280.8 mL vs. 1120.1; p < 0.05), mainly due to the higher consumption of fruit juice, nectars and sweetened hot beverages (246 ± 35 mL in the YCF group vs. 201 ± 56 mL in the CM group; p < 0.05). Children fed YCF consumed significantly larger amounts of sweetened beverages such as tea sweetened with sugar or honey, sweetened hot chocolate or instant teas (OR = 2.54; Cl: 1.32–3.26; p < 0.001), than children receiving CM. This group was also characterized by higher consumption of sweetened dairy products, mainly cream cheese desserts, fruit yogurt and yogurt with cereal (OR = 1.87; Cl: 1.36–2.54; p < 0.01), as well as a lower daily intake of plain fermented milks (OR = 0.56; Cl: 0.21–0.79; p < 0.001). The daily food intake and the quality of the diets administered to children aged 13–24 months were evaluated and compared with the model food ration. It was found that milk type influenced children’s eating habits and preference for sweet-tasting foods. The study also demonstrated that Polish parents and caregivers only have limited knowledge of nutritional guidelines for toddlers.

Regional variations in deaths from volatile solvent abuse in Great Britain

Addiction ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1765-1772
Author(s):  
A. Esmail ◽  
B. Warburton ◽  
J. M. Bland ◽  
H. R. Anderson ◽  
J. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Regional Variations ◽  
Solvent Abuse

Flora of Great Britain and Ireland

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sell ◽  
Gina Murrell ◽  
S. M. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain
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