Is attention really biased toward the last target location in visual search? The role of focal attention and stimulus-response translation rules.

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1415-1428
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Hilchey ◽  
Jay Pratt ◽  
Dominique Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Focal Attention

scholarly journals The Role of Frontoparietal Cortex across the Functional Stages of Visual Search

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Remington ◽  
Joyce M. G. Vromen ◽  
Stefanie I. Becker ◽  
Oliver Baumann ◽  
Jason B. Mattingley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Frontoparietal Cortex ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Selection Stage

Areas in frontoparietal cortex have been shown to be active in a range of cognitive tasks and have been proposed to play a key role in goal-driven activities (Dosenbach, N. U. F., Fair, D. A., Miezin, F. M., Cohen, A. L., Wenger, K. K., Dosenbach, R. A. T., et al. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 104, 11073–11078, 2007; Duncan, J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behavior. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 172–179, 2010). Here, we examine the role this frontoparietal system plays in visual search. Visual search, like many complex tasks, consists of a sequence of operations: target selection, stimulus–response (SR) mapping, and response execution. We independently manipulated the difficulty of target selection and SR mapping in a novel visual search task that involved identical stimulus displays. Enhanced activity was observed in areas of frontal and parietal cortex during both difficult target selection and SR mapping. In addition, anterior insula and ACC showed preferential representation of SR-stage information, whereas the medial frontal gyrus, precuneus, and inferior parietal sulcus showed preferential representation of target selection-stage information. A connectivity analysis revealed dissociable neural circuits underlying visual search. We hypothesize that these circuits regulate distinct mental operations associated with the allocation of spatial attention, stimulus decisions, shifts of task set from selection to SR mapping, and SR mapping. Taken together, the results show frontoparietal involvement in all stages of visual search and a specialization with respect to cognitive operations.

Relationship between Selection Accuracy and Exposure in Visual Search

Perception ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T Solman
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Physical Similarity ◽  
Preattentive Processing ◽  
Focal Attention ◽  
Selection Accuracy ◽  
The Times

The physical similarity between the target and the irrelevant items, and the number of irrelevant items, were varied to obtain curves relating accuracy of target location to exposure, and reaction time to exposure. Two groups of subjects searched circular displays where similarity differed for each group, and number and exposure varied within groups. The results indicated that the relationships between accuracy and exposure were the more informative since they directly reflected processing, particularly when the exposure was very brief. These time versus accuracy curves were negatively accelerated, showing rapid increases in accuracy for approximately 50 ms with very slow (if any) increases for longer exposures. As it was not possible to account for these accuracy variations in terms of simple serial or parallel models of information processing, they were seen as reflecting processing by preattention and focal attention. Further analysis suggested that the times required for preattentive processing were brief and have a probability distribution.

scholarly journals Stimulus-response coupling in the human neutrophil. The role of anion fluxes in degranulation.

1982 ◽  
Vol 257 (12) ◽  
pp. 6916-6922
Author(s):  
H M Korchak ◽  
B A Eisenstat ◽  
J E Smolen ◽  
L E Rutherford ◽  
P B Dunham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Neutrophil ◽  
Stimulus Response

THE ROLE OF IONISED INTRACELLULAR FREE CALCIUM ([Ca++]i) IN THROMBIN-INDUCED DENSE GRANULE SECRETION

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Poll ◽  
J Westwick
Keyword(s):  
Human Platelets ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Fluorescent Properties ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Dense Granule Secretion ◽  
Granule Secretion

Fura 2 is one of a recently-introduced family of Ca++ indicators with improved fluorescent properties compared to quin 2 (Grynkiewicz et al 1985). This study has examined the role of [Ca++]i in thrombin-induced dense granule release using prostacyclin-washed human platelets loaded with either thedense granule marker 14C-5HT (5HT) alone or with 5HT together with quin 2 ([quin2]i = 0.8mM) or fura 2 ([fura 2]i 20-30µM). In the presence of ImM extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca++]i) the [Ca++]e in quin 2 and fura 2 loaded platelets was 93±2 (n=10 experiments) and 133±0.3nM (n=12 experiments) respectively. In either quin 2 or fura 2 loaded platelets suspended in the presence of ImM [Ca++]e, thrombin (0.23-23.InM) promoted a rapid (in secs)concentration-dependent elevation of [Ca++]i from basal values to levels l-2µM, together with a parallel release of dense granules almost identical to that obtained with thrombin in non dye loaded platelets. In fura 2 loaded cells, removal of [Ca++]e inhibited the elevation of [Ca++]i induced by a sub-maximal concentration of thrombin (0.77nM) by 43+5% (n=4) but interestingly had no significant effect (p<0.05) on the rise in [Ca++]i elicited by low thrombin doses (0.231nM). Neither did lowering [Ca++]e inhibit the release of 5HT evoked by thrombin ( 0.231-23.InM) from either fura 2 loaded or non dye loaded platelets. In contrast, in quin 2 loaded platelets, removal of [Ca++]e inhibited the thrombin (0.231-23.InM) stimulated rise in [Ca++]i-by 90% and the 5HT release response to either low (0.231nM), sub-maximal (0.77nM) or maximal (23.InM) thrombin by 100% (n=4), 87+2°/o (n=6)and 2+l°/o (n=4) respectively. Fura 2 but not quin 2 loaded cells suspended in ImM [Ca++]e exhibited a Ca++ response to thrombin concentrations >2.31nM which could be separated into a rapid phasic component and a more sustained 'tonic' like component inhibitable by removal of [Ca++]e or by addition of ImM Ni++ . These data suggest the use of fura 2 rather than quin 2 for investigating stimulus response coupling in platelets, particularly when [Ca++]e is less than physiological. We thank the British Heart Foundation and Ciba-Geigy USA for financial support.

scholarly journals Visual search behavior and performance in luggage screening: effects of time pressure, automation aid, and target expectancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Rieger ◽  
Lydia Heilmann ◽  
Dietrich Manzey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
High Time ◽  
Luggage Screening ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Automated Support

AbstractVisual inspection of luggage using X-ray technology at airports is a time-sensitive task that is often supported by automated systems to increase performance and reduce workload. The present study evaluated how time pressure and automation support influence visual search behavior and performance in a simulated luggage screening task. Moreover, we also investigated how target expectancy (i.e., targets appearing in a target-often location or not) influenced performance and visual search behavior. We used a paradigm where participants used the mouse to uncover a portion of the screen which allowed us to track how much of the stimulus participants uncovered prior to their decision. Participants were randomly assigned to either a high (5-s time per trial) or a low (10-s time per trial) time-pressure condition. In half of the trials, participants were supported by an automated diagnostic aid (85% reliability) in deciding whether a threat item was present. Moreover, within each half, in target-present trials, targets appeared in a predictable location (i.e., 70% of targets appeared in the same quadrant of the image) to investigate effects of target expectancy. The results revealed better detection performance with low time pressure and faster response times with high time pressure. There was an overall negative effect of automation support because the automation was only moderately reliable. Participants also uncovered a smaller amount of the stimulus under high time pressure in target-absent trials. Target expectancy of target location improved accuracy, speed, and the amount of uncovered space needed for the search.Significance Statement Luggage screening is a safety–critical real-world visual search task which often has to be done under time pressure. The present research found that time pressure compromises performance and increases the risk to miss critical items even with automation support. Moreover, even highly reliable automated support may not improve performance if it does not exceed the manual capabilities of the human screener. Lastly, the present research also showed that heuristic search strategies (e.g., areas where targets appear more often) seem to guide attention also in luggage screening.

scholarly journals The role of memory for visual search in scenes

2015 ◽  
Vol 1339 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Le-Hoa Võ ◽  
Jeremy M. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search
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