scholarly journals What absent switch costs and mixing costs during bilingual language comprehension can tell us about language control.

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Iring Koch ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Jonathan Grainger ◽  
Denise N. Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Mixing Costs

Bilingual language control across modalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 542-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esli Struys ◽  
Jill Surmont ◽  
Piet Van de Craen ◽  
Olga Kepinska ◽  
Maurits Van den Noort
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Global Performance ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Global Accuracy ◽  
Mixing Costs

Abstract Bilingual language control has previously been tested separately in tasks of language comprehension and language production. Whereas these studies have suggested that local control processes are selectively recruited during mixed-language production, the present study investigated whether measures of global control show the same dependence on modality, or are shared across modalities. Thirty-eight Dutch-French bilingual young adults participated by completing two tasks of bilingual language control in both modalities. Global accuracy on mixed-language comprehension was related to mixing costs on bilingual verbal fluency, but only when compared to the L2-baseline. Global performance on mixed-language production was related to forward (L1-to-L2) switch costs. Finally, a significant correlation was found between the mixing cost on verbal fluency and forward switch costs on the comprehension task. The results are interpreted as evidence for the involvement of monitoring processes in bilingual language control across modality. The results also highlight the relevance of language switch directionality.

Symmetries of comprehension-based language switch costs in conflicting versus non-conflicting contexts

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-598
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Kalinka Timmer ◽  
Lu Jiao ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Control Hypothesis ◽  
Switching Task ◽  
Accuracy Data

Aims: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of contexts (i.e., non-conflicting context versus conflicting context) on bilingual language switch costs during language comprehension. Methodology: Thirty-two unbalance Chinese-English bilinguals completed a modified comprehension-based language-switching task in two contexts. They made a judgement about the colour meaning of the word. In the non-conflicting context all words were presented in white ink, while in the conflicting context the words were printed in an inconsistent ink colour. Data and analysis: Reaction time and accuracy data were analysed using mixed-effects models. Findings/conclusions: Results showed that the switch costs were larger in the conflicting context than in the non-conflicting context. Further, in the non-conflicting context an asymmetrical switch cost with larger costs for the second language was observed as compared to symmetrical switch costs in the conflicting context. Originality: This is the first study that indicates that bilingual comprehension-based language control adapts flexibly depending on the context, just as during bilingual production. Significance/implications: These findings supported and expanded the classic adaptive control hypothesis.

On the specificity of bilingual language control: A study with Parkinson's disease patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Cattaneo ◽  
Albert Costa ◽  
Alexandre Gironell ◽  
Marco Calabria
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Linguistic Control ◽  
Dual Mechanism ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between mechanisms involved in language control within dual- and single-language contexts by examining whether they are similarly impaired in bilingual PD patients. To do so, we explored the performance of bilingual individuals affected by PD and healthy controls on two linguistic tasks: between-language and within-language switching tasks. We focused on switch and mixing costs as measures of linguistic control.The results indicate that, whereas larger switch costs were observed in PD patients, compared to controls, solely during the between-language task, larger mixing costs appeared during both the between-language task and the within-language task. These results are discussed within the framework of the dual mechanism hypothesis, which suggests that switch and mixing costs are measures of two types of control: specifically reactive and proactive control. Therefore, we conclude that reactive control for switching between languages is domain-specific while proactive control mechanisms are more domain-general.

The Flip Side of the Auditory Spatial Selection Benefit

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iring Koch ◽  
Vera Lawo
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Numerical Magnitude ◽  
Attention Shifting ◽  
Gender Selection ◽  
Spatial Selection ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
Experimental Group

In cued auditory task switching, one of two dichotically presented number words, spoken by a female and a male, had to be judged according to its numerical magnitude. One experimental group selected targets by speaker gender and another group by ear of presentation. In mixed-task blocks, the target-defining feature (male/female vs. left/right) was cued prior to each trial, but in pure blocks it remained constant. Compared to selection by gender, selection by ear led to better performance in pure blocks than in mixed blocks, resulting in larger “global” mixing costs for ear-based selection. Selection by ear also led to larger “local” switch costs in mixed blocks, but this finding was partially mediated by differential cue-repetition benefits. Together, the data suggest that requirements of attention shifting diminish the auditory spatial selection benefit.

Language-switch costs and dual-response costs in bimodal bilingual language production

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY KAUFMANN ◽  
ANDREA M. PHILIPP
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Signed Language ◽  
Dual Response ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Mixing Costs ◽  
German Sign Language

In communication, different forms of language combinations are possible for bimodal bilinguals, who use a spoken and a signed language. They can either switch from one language to another (language switching) or produce a word and a sign simultaneously (language blending). The present study examines language control mechanisms in language switching and simultaneous bimodal language production, comparing single-response (German or German Sign Language) and dual-response trials (Blend of the German word and the German Sign Language sign). There were three pure blocks, one for each Target-response (German, German Sign Language, Blend), as well as mixed blocks, in which participants switched between all three Target-responses. We observed language mixing costs, switch costs and dual-response costs. Further, the data pattern showed a specific dual-response advantage for switching into a Blend (i.e., a dual-response trial), indicating the specific nature of a blended response in bimodal bilingual language production.

scholarly journals On the connection between language control and executive control - An ERP study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Gabriela Meade ◽  
Katherine J. Midgley ◽  
Phillip J. Holcomb ◽  
Ardi Roelofs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Goal Level ◽  
Language Control ◽  
And Task

Models vary in the extent to which language control processes are domain general. Those that posit that language control is at least partially domain general insist on an overlap between language control and executive control at the goal level. To further probe whether or not language control is domain general, we conducted the first event-related potential (ERP) study that directly compares language-switch costs, as an index of language control, and task-switch costs, as an index of executive control. The language switching and task switching methodology were identical, except that the former required switching between languages (English or Spanish) whereas the latter required switching between tasks (color naming or category naming). This design allowed us to directly compare control processes at the goal level (cue-locked ERPs) and at the task performance level (picture-locked ERPs). We found no significant differences in the switch-related cue-locked and picture-locked ERP patterns across the language and task switching paradigms. These results support models of domain-general language control.

Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
SYBRINE BULTENA ◽  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
JANET G. VAN HELL
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Main Verb

This study investigated two prominent issues in the comprehension of language switches. First, how does language switching direction affect switch costs in sentence context? Second, are switch costs modulated by L2 proficiency and cross-linguistic activation? We conducted a self-paced reading task involving sentences that switched between participants’ L1 Dutch and L2 English. The cognate status of the main verb was manipulated to examine the influence of co-activation on intra-sentential switch costs. The reading times indicated the influence of switch direction: a cost was observed for switches into L2 but not for switches into L1, and the magnitude of the costs was correlated with L2 proficiency, indicating that switch costs in language comprehension depend on language dominance. Verb cognates did not yield a cognate facilitation effect nor did they influence the magnitude of switch costs in either direction. The results are interpreted in terms of an activation account explaining lexical comprehension based on L2 proficiency.

Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELA MOSCA ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Switching Costs ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Mixing Costs

Much research on language control in bilinguals has relied on the interpretation of the costs of switching between two languages. Of the two types of costs that are linked to language control, switching costs are assumed to be transient in nature and modulated by trial-specific manipulations (e.g., by preparation time), while mixing costs are supposed to be more stable and less affected by trial-specific manipulations. The present study investigated the effect of preparation time on switching and mixing costs, revealing that both types of costs can be influenced by trial-specific manipulations.

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