Choice deferral can arise from absolute evaluations or relative comparisons.

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. White ◽  
Ulrich Hoffrage ◽  
Nils Reisen
Keyword(s):  
Choice Deferral ◽  
Relative Comparisons

Choice deferral can arise from absolute evaluation or relative comparison

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. White ◽  
Nils Reisen ◽  
Ulrich Hoffrage
Keyword(s):  
Choice Deferral

Comparison of 24-Hour Whole Body versus Patch Tests for Estimating Body Surface Electrolyte Losses

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Palacios ◽  
Karin Wigertz ◽  
Connie M. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Patch Tests ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Electrolyte Content ◽  
Electrolyte Loss ◽  
Relative Comparisons

Purpose:To compare dermal electrolyte loss between whole body and regional patch methods in women during 24-h.Methods:Dermal loss was collected in 6 healthy women mean age 27 ± 4 years, while consuming 936 mg/d sodium, 1764 mg/d potassium, 696 mg/d calcium, and 152 mg/d magnesium. Twenty-four hour whole body dermal loss was collected using cotton suits by a washdown procedure. Twenty-four hour patch loss was collected from 8 patches placed on the legs, arms, and back.Results:Dermal loss from whole body was 108 ± 110 mg/d sodium, 133 ± 87 mg/d potassium, 103 ± 22 mg/d calcium, and 35 ± 13 mg/d magnesium. Electrolyte content from the 8 patches was similar among sites and ranged from 1.01–1.41 mg/d sodium, 0.35–0.83 mg/d potassium, 1.0– 1.45 mg/d calcium, and 0.43–0.49 mg/d magnesium. Projections from patches to whole body by the ratio of body surface area appear to overestimate actual whole body losses by 3.2X for sodium and calcium, 3.6X for magnesium, and 1.3X for potassium.Conclusions:Regional patch methods are more appropriate for relative comparisons than for accurately determining total daily dermal electrolyte losses.

On the Brain Drain of Africans to America: Some Methodological Observations

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo ◽  
Baffour Takyi ◽  
Jesse Mann
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Relative Comparisons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecurring debates about the impact of the brain drain— the developing world's loss of human capital to more developed countries—has motivated estimation of the magnitude of the phenomenon, most recently by the World Bank. Although frequently cited as a key contributor to Africa's wanting development record, what constitutes the "brain-drain" is not always clearly defined. Today, in the absence of an accounting system, resolution of the definitional and measurement question depends on relative comparisons of measurement variants, which will identify definitional shortcomings by clarifying the merits and demerits of these variants, and thereby suggest corrective imputations. This paper compares the World Bank's approach to a chronological precedent (Dodoo 1997) to clarify the value of variant comparisons. The resultant implications for corrections are also discussed.

scholarly journals Choice deferral, indecisiveness and preference for flexibility

2017 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Pejsachowicz ◽  
Séverine Toussaert
Keyword(s):  
Preference For Flexibility ◽  
Choice Deferral

When Being in a Positive Mood Increases Choice Deferral

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Etkin ◽  
Anastasiya Pocheptsova Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Choice Processes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Choice Deferral

Abstract Consumers’ choices are often accompanied by unrelated incidental moods. The positive mood caused by receiving a compliment, for example, may persist when one is choosing what service to book or which product to buy. How might being in a positive mood affect consumers’ subsequent, unrelated choices? The present research demonstrates that being in a positive mood can make consumers more likely to defer choice. Four studies show that when choosing requires trade-offs between important choice attributes, being in a positive (vs. neutral) mood makes choosing more difficult and therefore increases the likelihood of deferring choice altogether. The findings further understanding of how incidental factors shape choice processes and outcomes and the role of emotions in decision making.

scholarly journals Why it is hard to be happy with what we have: A reinforcement learning perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachit Dubey ◽  
Tom Griffiths ◽  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
Pursuit Of Happiness ◽  
Reward Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Relative Comparisons

The pursuit of happiness is not easy. Habituation to positive changes in lifestyle and constant comparisons leave us unhappy even in the best of conditions. Given their disruptive impact, it remains a puzzle why habituation and comparisons have come to be a part of cognition in the first place. Here, we present computational evidence that suggests that these features might play an important role in promoting adaptive behavior. Using the framework of reinforcement learning, we explore the benefit of employing a reward function that, in addition to the reward provided by the underlying task, also depends on prior expectations and relative comparisons. We find that while agents equipped with this reward function are less "happy", they learn faster and significantly outperform standard reward-based agents in a wide range of environments. The fact that these features provide considerable adaptive benefits might explain why we have the propensity to keep wanting more, even if it contributes to depression, materialism, and overconsumption.

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