scholarly journals The role of common elements in the redundancy effect.

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-296
Author(s):  
Metin Uengoer ◽  
Harald Lachnit ◽  
John M. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Common Elements ◽  
Redundancy Effect

scholarly journals Stanowisko Konferencji Episkopatu Polski wobec wyborów parlamentarnych w 1991 roku

Politeja ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (53) ◽  
pp. 257-270
Author(s):  
Marek Delong
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

The Position of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the Parliamentary Elections in 1991The purpose of this article is to show the position of the Conference of the Polish Episcopate on the parliamentary elections in 1991. In official pronouncements of the Conference of the Polish Episcopate on this issue, as well as in the statements of individual bishops you can find two common elements. Firstly, noticeable is the identification of the category of the Polish nation, Catholics and society. Hence the belief that the institutions of a democratic state should uphold Christian values and national. Secondly, the Conference of the Polish Episcopate harbored the misconception by unanimity Catholics in Poland in terms of political views. It quickly turned out that the majority of the population does not recognize the role of the Church as the subject of political life. Already in the early nineties, and especially after the parliamentary elections in 1991, there have been numerous discussions on clericalism and anti‑clericalism.

scholarly journals Enlightened Travelers and Their Mental Maps

2015 ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Nikolay Aretov
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
General Description ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Mental Maps ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Patriarchal Culture ◽  
Mental Mapping

Enlightened Travelers and Their Mental MapsThe issue of mental mapping of Eastern Europe (Wolff), posed during the Enlightenment, and the similar problem of the image of the Balkans (Todorova), are both multifaceted. This paper deals with three aspects of these processes and seeks to analyse them through the prism of the Orientalism-Occidentalism opposition.The article opens with a very general description of the Oriental mental maps on the part of 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionaries and modernisers. Most characteristic in this respect are the diaries of those convicted to exile in the Diarbekir fortress. I then turn my attention to texts by influential foreigners who arrived in Bulgaria immediately after 1878, including especially the publications by the Czech historian and Slavonic scholar Constantine Jireček and some of the reactions they provoked.The article reveals common elements in both the foreign perspective on the inhabitants of the Orient/the Balkans/Bulgaria and the Bulgarian perspective on the Occident/Western Europe. A hypothesis is proposed that what the analysed texts portray is not a general clash between traditionalism (patriarchal culture) and modernity but rather a very particular conflict over which group should perform the role of the “civiliser” of Bulgarian society. Both sides of the conflict made instrumental use of existing discourses, be it modernist or patriarchal, Orientalist or Occidentalist.Oświeceni podróżnicy i ich mapy mentalneProblem mentalnego kartografowania Europy Wschodniej (L. Wolff), jak też Bałkanów (M. Todorowa), od czasów oświecenia jest wieloaspektowy. Artykuł charakteryzuje trzy spośród tych aspektów i poszukuje związków pomiędzy nimi, poprzez analizę opozycji orientalizm – okcydentalizm.Na początku prezentuję najogólniej mapy mentalne bułgarskich rewolucjonistów i przedstawicieli nowoczesności z XIX wieku na Bałkanach (Orient). Najbardziej charakterystyczne pod tym względem są dzienniki skazańców z twierdzy tureckiej w Diar-Bekir. Następnie moja uwaga skupia się na tekstach wpływowych cudzoziemców, którzy znaleźli się w Bułgarii bezpośrednio po 1878 roku, a wśród nich w centrum mojego zainteresowania znajdują się niektóre publikacje Czecha Konstantina Irečka i reakcje na nie.Artykuł jest próbą zarysu punktu widzenia cudzoziemca w stosunku do przedstawicieli Orientu /Bałkanów/Bułgarii i bułgarskiego dystansu w odniesieniu do Okcydentu /Zachodu/ Europy. Materiał analizowany skłania ku hipotezie, że nie o zderzenie między tradycjonalizmem (patriarchalną kulturą) i nowoczesnością idzie, ale o konkretną walkę o odegranie roli "cywilizatora" bułgarskiego społeczeństwa. W tej walce oponenci wykorzystują instrumentalnie dostępne dyskursy, modernistyczne, czy też patriarchalne, orientalne, czy okcydentalne. Просветени пътешественици и техните ментални картиПроблемът за менталното картографиране на Източна Европа (Л. Улф) от Просвещението, както и сродния му проблем за отношението към Балканите (М. Тодорова) имат многобройни аспекти. Статията очертава три от тях и търси връзките им, видени през опозицията ориентализъм – оксидентализъм. В началото са представени най-общо менталните карти на българите революционери и модернизатори от ХІХ в. на Ориента. Те са особено характерни за мемоарите на заточениците в Диарбекир. След това вниманието се насочва към текстовете на влиятелни чужденци, попаднали в България непосредствено след 1878 г., на първо място някои публикации на чеха Константин Иречек и някои реакции към тях. Разкрити са общите елементи в ориенталистката гледна точка на чужденеца и оксиденталистките възражения на българина. Изказва се хипотезата, че в случая не се наблюдава сблъсък между традиционно (патриархално) и модерно, а конкурентна борба за ролята на "цивилизатора" на българското общество. В тази борба опонентите използват инструментално наличните дискурси, били те модернистки или патриархални, ориенталистки или оксиденталистки.

The Wars of the 1860s and the Atlantic (Americas and Europe)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Izecksohn
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
National Symbols ◽  
National Values

During the 1860s, widespread warfare beset the Americas and Europe. Fighting resulted from challenges to existing political accommodations, and evolved into civil wars or interstate violence. Concurrently, economic and technological transformations through the 1860s aided long-distance communications, such as the coming of the telegraph and a much faster spread of steam power that helped to disseminate news and share experiences. All over the Atlantic, the triumph of national unification was the most visible result of the bloodbath, expanding state capacities and reinforcing the role of national symbols as common elements of a shared identity. Political and administrative centralization affected the exercise of local power in different ways, mainly in its capacity to recruit members of communities for war; appealing to national values and identities gradually became central in the demands for cooperation and sacrifice. After the end of combat, national authorities established regimes founded either on new constitutions or on amendments added to existing documents, the goal of which was reordering society according to rules capable of regulating and institutionalizing regional conflicts, simultaneously incorporating demands for representation and liberalization. These same groups demonstrated less efficiency when dealing with ethnic and social conflicts, sources of deeper divisions in societies that pretended to be consistent, progressive, and unified.

The ICRC, the League and the Report on the re-appraisal of the role of the Red Cross (IV): — Planning for action in natural disasters and armed conflicts

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (206) ◽  
pp. 266-273
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Joint Study

The ICRC and the League share, to a very great extent, the Tansley Report opinions on this important question. Naturally, the planning for relief actions diifers in some respects according to whether it is related to natural disasters or to armed conflicts. However, there are important common elements in this planning which merit development and joint study by the ICRC and the League.

scholarly journals Central Interleukin-1βSuppresses the Nocturnal Secretion of Melatonin

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Herman ◽  
J. Bochenek ◽  
K. Król ◽  
A. Krawczyńska ◽  
H. Antushevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Melatonin Secretion ◽  
Environmental Light ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injections ◽  
Hormonal Signal

In vertebrates, numerous processes occur in a rhythmic manner. The hormonal signal reliably reflecting the environmental light conditions is melatonin. Nocturnal melatonin secretion patterns could be disturbed in pathophysiological states, including inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, and depression. All of these states share common elements in their aetiology, including the overexpression of interleukin- (IL-) 1βin the central nervous system. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of the central injection of exogenous IL-1βon melatonin release and on the expression of the enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in the pineal gland of ewe. It was found that intracerebroventricular injections of IL-1β(50 µg/animal) suppressed(P<0.05)nocturnal melatonin secretion in sheep regardless of the photoperiod. This may have resulted from decreased(P<0.05)synthesis of the melatonin intermediate serotonin, which may have resulted, at least partially, from a reduced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase. IL-1βalso inhibited(P<0.05)the expression of the melatonin rhythm enzyme arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. However, the ability of IL-1βto affect the expression of these enzymes was dependent upon the photoperiod. Our study may shed new light on the role of central IL-1βin the aetiology of disruptions in melatonin secretion.

scholarly journals Christmas tales of H. C. Andersen “The Fir Tree” and A. I. Kuprin “The Life” in historical-literary dialogue

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Marina Anatol'evna Zhirkova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Affirmation Of Life ◽  
First Time

This article presents a comparative analysis of the tales of H. C. Andersen &ldquo;The Fir-Tree&rdquo; and A. I. Kuprin &ldquo;The Life. Both tales are based on the theme of Christmas, which celebration becomes the culmination in life of a fir tree; as well as have common elements &ndash; description of the life of trees in the forest, gathering of people, Christmas festivities. Tale by the Danish writer moves towards death, demise of the tree that can be considered as punishment for indifference and ambitiousness, inability to find joy in what is given by life. Kuprin&rsquo;s story contradicts Andersen&rsquo;s tradition, demonstrating a markedly different writer&rsquo;s position &ndash; affirmation of life in contrast to death. Attention is focused on not only the plot, but also genre peculiarities of each composition. Tales are allegorical, they can be called the philosophical tales-parables, urging the reader to reasoning on their own life. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the text of A. I. Kuprin&rsquo;s tale is being analyzed for the first time. It is viewed in related to the tradition set by Andersen&rsquo;s tales, as a Christmas text. The article also determine the role of the late among the works of the writer.

scholarly journals How Government Strengthens the Street Vendors: Analysis of the Role of Brebes District Government

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Akhmad Ghofar Ismail ◽  
Ridwanto Ardi Kusumo
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Street Vendor ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
District Government ◽  
The Impact

The empowerment of street vendors in an area, if appropriately managed, will be able to improve the economy of the community and the local government. It is the duty of the local government. This study aims to find out the efforts and impacts of street vendors' empowerment by the Brebes Regency government. The results showed that: (1) street vendors' empowerment efforts carried out by the Brebes Regency Government were reasonable, but it would be better if street vendors’ empowerment efforts had special regional regulations related to street vendors’ empowerment. (2) The impact of empowerment by the Brebes Regency Government is divided into two aspects, namely social and economic issues. Common elements, for example, the formation of street vendor associations, a more organized environment, in financial aspects, for instance increasing street vendors' income and increasing the income of Brebes Regency.

scholarly journals The Travels and Translations of Three African Anglican Missionaries, 1890–1930

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMMA WILD-WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Influential Factors ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Mission Agencies ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
Sub Saharan

Histories of the modern missionary movement frequently assert that converts were more successful missionaries than Europeans yet details of their work remain sparse. This article examines influential factors in the spread of Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa in two ways. It explores the complex and variable processes through life sketches of the African missionaries, Bernard Mizeki, Leonard Kamungu and Apolo Kivebulaya, who worked with the Anglican mission agencies SPG, UMCA and CMS, respectively. It identifies common elements for further scrutiny including the role of travel, translation and communication, and the development of continental centres of Christianity and the trajectories between them and local hubs of mission activity. The transnational turn of contemporary history is employed and critiqued to scrutinise the relations between the local and global in order to comprehend the appeal of Christianity in the colonial era.

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