scholarly journals Cultural variation in social judgments of smiles: The role of ideal affect.

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 966-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne L. Tsai ◽  
Elizabeth Blevins ◽  
Lucy Zhang Bencharit ◽  
Louise Chim ◽  
Helene H. Fung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Ideal Affect

scholarly journals Small-scale societies exhibit fundamental variation in the role of intentions in moral judgment

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4688-4693 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Alexander Bolyanatz ◽  
Alyssa N. Crittenden ◽  
Daniel M. T. Fessler ◽  
Simon Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
Mitigating Circumstances

Intent and mitigating circumstances play a central role in moral and legal assessments in large-scale industrialized societies. Although these features of moral assessment are widely assumed to be universal, to date, they have only been studied in a narrow range of societies. We show that there is substantial cross-cultural variation among eight traditional small-scale societies (ranging from hunter-gatherer to pastoralist to horticulturalist) and two Western societies (one urban, one rural) in the extent to which intent and mitigating circumstances influence moral judgments. Although participants in all societies took such factors into account to some degree, they did so to very different extents, varying in both the types of considerations taken into account and the types of violations to which such considerations were applied. The particular patterns of assessment characteristic of large-scale industrialized societies may thus reflect relatively recently culturally evolved norms rather than inherent features of human moral judgment.

Learning and the Evolution of Language: The Role of Cultural Variation and Learning Costs in the Baldwin Effect

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Munroe ◽  
Angelo Cangelosi
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Baldwin Effect ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Acquisition Device ◽  
The Baldwin Effect

The Baldwin effect has been explicitly used by Pinker and Bloom as an explanation of the origins of language and the evolution of a language acquisition device. This article presents new simulations of an artificial life model for the evolution of compositional languages. It specifically addresses the role of cultural variation and of learning costs in the Baldwin effect for the evolution of language. Results show that when a high cost is associated with language learning, agents gradually assimilate in their genome some explicit features (e.g., lexical properties) of the specific language they are exposed to. When the structure of the language is allowed to vary through cultural transmission, Baldwinian processes cause, instead, the assimilation of a predisposition to learn, rather than any structural properties associated with a specific language. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying such a predisposition in terms of categorical perception supports Deacon's hypothesis regarding the Baldwinian inheritance of general underlying cognitive capabilities that serve language acquisition. This is in opposition to the thesis that argues for assimilation of structural properties needed for the specification of a full-blown language acquisition device.

INTERPRETASI RESEPSI SASTERA MENERUSI LIRIK LAGU TOLONG INGATKAN AKU

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
MOHD FARADI MOHAMED GHAZALI ◽  
NORDIANA AB. JABAR
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Reception Theory ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Poetic Form ◽  
Positive Elements ◽  
Song Lyrics ◽  
Delivery Style

Lirik lagu merupakan salah satu manifestasi sastera yang mencerminkan ketinggian nilai budaya masyarakat pendukungnya. Lirik dan irama lagu semestinya nusa yang berpisah tiada dan menjadi hiburan dalam kehidupan manusia. Menerusi lirik lagu ia bukan hanya sekadar mengulit halwa telinga dan memberi hiburan semata-mata, malah dalam seni kata lagu juga terkandung dengan nilai, moral dan pengajaran yang mampu memberi didikan dalam membentuk keperibadian seseorang. Kepelbagaian genre dan bait lagu yang terhasil menunjukkan variasi kebudayaan daripada pengkarya yang menunjukkan kreadiliti keunggulan dalam sesuatu penciptaan karya. Kajian ini dilaksanakan sebagai merungkai persoalan tentang peranan lirik lagu terpilih dalam mengembleng unsur positif terhadap masyarakat pendengar. Selain itu, kajian ini juga meneliti bait-bait lirik lagu Tolong Ingatkan Aku, yang dihasil dan dinyanyikan oleh Ana Raffali sehingga diangkat mempunyai nilai komersial kerana telah dijulang sebagai juara lagu dalam Anugerah Juara Lagu Ke-25. Kaedah kajian ini dijalankan secara kualitatif atau kepustakaan melalui penelitian bahan seperti artikel, buku, majalah dan tesis. Teori resepsi dijadikan sebagai sandaran untuk meneliti dan merungkaikan setiap bait lirik lagu ini yang merangkumi aspek gaya bahasa, teknik penulisan, unsur kesamaran, bauran kiasan dan perlambangan atau semiotik bagi membuktikan falsafah gaya penyampaian pengkarya. Hasil kajian mendapati lagu Tolong Ingatkan Aku merupakan sebuah karya berbentuk lagu puisi yang terhasil dalam penyampaian implisit sebagai memberi pesanan, sindiran halus dan nasihat terhadap kehidupan manusia agar tidak alpa tatkala berada di kemuncak kegemilangan.   The lyrics of the song are one of the literary manifestations that reflect the high cultural values of its supporters. The lyrics and the rhythm of the song should not be separated tomb and become an entertainment in human life. Through the lyrics of the song it is not just about listening to the ears and providing entertainment, but also in the art of the word, the song also contains the values, morals and teachings that can provide education in shaping one's personality. The variety of genres and bytes of the resulting song reflects the cultural variation of the work that exemplifies the mastery of excellence in the creation of a work. This study was conducted to address the question of the role of selected song lyrics in shaping positive elements in the listening community. In addition, this study also examines the lyrics of the song Tolong Ingatkan Aku, which was produced and sung by Ana Raffali until it was commercially recognized for being nominated for a song of the year in the 25th Anugerah Juara Lagu. This research method is conducted qualitatively or literature review through the study of materials such as articles, books, magazines and theses. The reception theory was used as a guideline to examine and interpret every verse of the lyrics of this song, which included aspects of language style, writing techniques, ambiguity, metaphorical and symbolic or semiotic elements to prove the artist's delivery style philosophy. The result of the study found the song Tolong Ingatkan Aku is a work of poetic form that results in implicit delivery as giving orders, delicate satire and advice to human life to avoid the harp while at its peak.

scholarly journals The Role of Figurative Complexity in the Comprehension and Appreciation of Advertisements

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Pérez-Sobrino ◽  
Jeannette Littlemore ◽  
David Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Consumer Response ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract To date, research in advertising has focussed almost exclusively on metaphor, with linguists and marketing scholars paying very little attention to alternative types of figurative expression. Beyond the finding that metaphor leads to an increased appreciation of advertisements, there has been surprisingly little research into how consumer response is affected by metonymy, or by metaphor–metonymy interactions. In this article, we present findings from a study that investigated the depth to which participants (n = 90) from a range of cultural and linguistic backgrounds (the UK, Spain, and China) were found to process 30 real-world adverts featuring creative metaphor and metonymy in multimodal format. We focus on the cross-cultural variation in terms of time taken to process, appreciation and perceived effectiveness of adverts, and on individual differences explained by different levels of need for cognition. We found significant variation in the understanding of advertisements containing metaphor, metonymy, and combinations of the two, between subjects and across nationalities in terms of (i) processing time, (ii) overall appeal, and (iii) the way in which participants interpreted the advertisements.

The Role of Local Governments in City Branding

2017 ◽  
pp. 251-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Gonenc Guler
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
City Branding ◽  
Destination Branding ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Civic Dialogue ◽  
The City

Local governments provide a range of local services, preserve the life and liberty of residents, creating space for democratic participation and civic dialogue, supporting market-led and environmentally sustainable local development. City branding supplies the principles for the city developing policy to sustain the local development. In other words, city branding means being powerful to face the increasing wild competition for resources, investment and tourism facilities, both for addressing crucial social issues and cultural variation. The main objective of this study is to highlight the role of local governments and to emphasize the various destinations “bodies” used in the branding process in different administration systems. Although there are many different destination branding strategies over the world, the city branding success cannot be performed without the strong participation of the local governments.

The Role of Local Governments in City Branding

2017 ◽  
pp. 784-803
Author(s):  
Emel Gonenc Guler
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
City Branding ◽  
Destination Branding ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Civic Dialogue ◽  
The City

Local governments provide a range of local services, preserve the life and liberty of residents, creating space for democratic participation and civic dialogue, supporting market-led and environmentally sustainable local development. City branding supplies the principles for the city developing policy to sustain the local development. In other words, city branding means being powerful to face the increasing wild competition for resources, investment and tourism facilities, both for addressing crucial social issues and cultural variation. The main objective of this study is to highlight the role of local governments and to emphasize the various destinations “bodies” used in the branding process in different administration systems. Although there are many different destination branding strategies over the world, the city branding success cannot be performed without the strong participation of the local governments.

scholarly journals Multicultural Personality and Cross-Cultural Adjustment among Sojourners in New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Awang Rozaimie ◽  
Siti Huzaimah ◽  
Affidah Morni
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Cultural Adjustment ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Multicultural Personality ◽  
Behavioural Difficulties ◽  
Cultural Experiences

Different parts of the world are offering sojourners with a variety of socio-cultural experiences. The inability to understand the variation triggers psychological, physical or behavioural difficulties, and maladjustment or misunderstanding. It is discovered that cross-cultural underestimation is the root of intercultural resistance, stereotyping, ethnocentrism and racism sentiments among sojourners. The online survey was conducted in the present study to comprehend the role of multicultural personality traits on sojourners’ cross-cultural adjustment. With snowball method and a purposive sampling, 55.5% of response rate was obtained among Malaysian sojourners in the New Zealand. Basically, the manifestation of self and other’s affection, behavioural and contextual variations amplify the rationalisation and contradictory nature of cultural variation. Highlighted, social initiative is a sole important multicultural personality trait which perceived as vital to the success of sojourners’ cross-cultural adjustment abroad. The implication of the study is discussed.

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