Evolution and the trolley problem: People save five over one unless the one is young, genetically related, or a romantic partner.

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Bleske-Rechek ◽  
Lyndsay A. Nelson ◽  
Jonathan P. Baker ◽  
Mark W. Remiker ◽  
Sarah J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Trolley Problem ◽  
The One

scholarly journals Finding the one: what prairie voles can tell us about the drive to seek out our romantic partner

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Sheeran ◽  
David S. W. Protter ◽  
Zoe R. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
The One

scholarly journals Traditional gender roles attitude and romantic partner conflict among males: A Correlational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 573-589
Author(s):  
Swagata Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Gender Role Attitude ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
The One ◽  
Partner Conflict

Social norms and roles can affect our behavior and intrude on our alternatives. On the flip, that has an impact on and strain to comply may be constraining, specifically for individuals and personal goals for individuals who are much less aligned with the norms and roles of the one. Throughout the college years, a person socializing will increase to plenty volume. Chances of having a romantic relationship increase in those years of lifestyle. Exploring and being curious approximately the opposite genders and the eagerness to be in a courting with the alternative gender boom at its height So, conventional roles can also make it more difficult for a few individuals to proportion their precise characteristics, live true to their personal socio-sexual preferences, and self-decide their conduct in relationships. Provided that those man or woman possibilities and behaviors are crit for enjoyable relationships is usually uncertain as to whether or not following conventional norms and roles of masculinity and femininity ultimately helps or hurts a relationship. Gender role attitude here refers to the beliefs held by individuals towards any specific gender as measured by the Gender Role Attitude Scale (GRAS). The instrument was developed by Prof. Dr. Simge Zeyneloölu to determine attitudes towards gender roles. Another scale used was Romantic partner conflict which refers to the everyday conflicts faced by individuals in relationships and how they handle the conflict. The scale was introduced by Tammy L. Zacchill, purpose of this scale is to measure conflict experienced by individuals in romantic relationships. The study aims at seeing the relationship between gender role attitudes and romantic partner conflict among males.

scholarly journals Sacrifices, Self-Defense, and Victim Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Nadelhoffer
Keyword(s):  
Trolley Problem ◽  
Much Ado About Nothing ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Positive Rights ◽  
Negative Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
Philippa Foot ◽  
Judith Jarvis Thomson ◽  
The One

In this paper, I first survey the history of the trolley problem from Philippa Foot to Judith Jarvis Thomson. I then canvass Thomson’s earlier attempts to solve the problem before discussing her more recent about-face. Because I find her latest solution (or attempted dissolution) to be problematic, I revisit Thomson’s earlier work on self-defense in an effort to find an alternative route to a solution. By switching the vantage point from the actors to the victims, I try to reveal an element of the cases that has hitherto escaped notice. On my view, to the extent that the victims being sacrificed have a legitimate claim to self-defense, this suggests that their being sacrificed in the name of the greater good is impermissible after all. So, while it would be heroic if they engaged in altruistic self-sacrifice, it is well within their rights to resist being sacrificed. If I am right about this, it suggests that negative rights are weightier than positive rights—much as Thomson herself came to believe. If this is right, then the trolley problem was much ado about nothing. The entire enterprise was predicated on the mistaken belief that it is permissible for the bystander to kill the one in order to save the five. Once that case is seen aright, the rest of our intuitions fall into their proper place.

scholarly journals Ethics, Uncertainty, and Macroeconomics

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Maziarz
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Gaussian White Noise ◽  
Trolley Problem ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Inflationary Pressure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Side Track ◽  
Stochastic Markov Chain

In this article, I focus on the difference in moral judgment of macroeconomic interventions between the deterministic world of a thought experiment and the uncertain reality. The macroeconomic theory coined by Keynes is, in its most popular reading, deterministic and justifies interventionism. However, incorporating uncertainty into the analysis leads to the contrary result. Namely, if economic output is a random process, such as Gaussian white noise or a stochastic Markov chain, then intervening can bring either economic recovery or inflationary pressure and a next bubble. In the trolley‑problem philosophy, the one who pulls the lever instead of the trolley itself is believed to be guilty of the death of an innocent passer‑by standing on the side track. Similarly, if the Federal Reserve decided to intervene and failed (causing a bubble on the house market, instantiating), their monetary policy can be said to be a cause of the financial crisis. Therefore, governments should refrain from interventions.

scholarly journals Trolley dilemma in the sky: Context matters when civilians and cadets make remotely piloted aircraft decisions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247273
Author(s):  
Markus Christen ◽  
Darcia Narvaez ◽  
Julaine D. Zenk ◽  
Michael Villano ◽  
Charles R. Crowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Trolley Problem ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
Trolley Dilemma

Crews operating remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) in military operations may be among the few that truly experience tragic dilemmas similar to the famous Trolley Problem. In order to analyze decision-making and emotional conflict of RPA operators within Trolley-Problem-like dilemma situations, we created an RPA simulation that varied mission contexts (firefighter, military and surveillance as a control condition) and the social “value” of a potential victim. We found that participants (Air Force cadets and civilian students) were less likely to make the common utilitarian choice (sacrificing one to save five), when the value of the one increased, especially in the military context. However, in the firefighter context, this decision pattern was much less pronounced. The results demonstrate behavioral and justification differences when people are more invested in a particular context despite ostensibly similar dilemmas.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
P. R. Swann ◽  
W. R. Duff ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Fundamental Research into Thin Films in a Developing Country

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
J.A. Eades ◽  
E. Grünbaum
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Empirical Process ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Film Research ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Controlled Deposition ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

In the last decade and a half, thin film research, particularly research into problems associated with epitaxy, has developed from a simple empirical process of determining the conditions for epitaxy into a complex analytical and experimental study of the nucleation and growth process on the one hand and a technology of very great importance on the other. During this period the thin films group of the University of Chile has studied the epitaxy of metals on metal and insulating substrates. The development of the group, one of the first research groups in physics to be established in the country, has parallelled the increasing complexity of the field.The elaborate techniques and equipment now needed for research into thin films may be illustrated by considering the plant and facilities of this group as characteristic of a good system for the controlled deposition and study of thin films.

STM studies of crystal growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
M. G. Lagally
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Sputter Deposition ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Wide Field Of View ◽  
The One

It has been recognized since the earliest days of crystal growth that kinetic processes of all Kinds control the nature of the growth. As the technology of crystal growth has become ever more refined, with the advent of such atomistic processes as molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, and plasma enhanced techniques for the creation of “crystals” as little as one or a few atomic layers thick, multilayer structures, and novel materials combinations, the need to understand the mechanisms controlling the growth process is becoming more critical. Unfortunately, available techniques have not lent themselves well to obtaining a truly microscopic picture of such processes. Because of its atomic resolution on the one hand, and the achievable wide field of view on the other (of the order of micrometers) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) gives us this opportunity. In this talk, we briefly review the types of growth kinetics measurements that can be made using STM. The use of STM for studies of kinetics is one of the more recent applications of what is itself still a very young field.

Preparation of Electron Transparent Metal-Matrix Composites

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 334-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Pinnel ◽  
A. Lawley
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One

Numerous phenomenological descriptions of the mechanical behavior of composite materials have been developed. There is now an urgent need to study and interpret deformation behavior, load transfer, and strain distribution, in terms of micromechanisms at the atomic level. One approach is to characterize dislocation substructure resulting from specific test conditions by the various techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The present paper describes a technique for the preparation of electron transparent composites of aluminum-stainless steel, such that examination of the matrix-fiber (wire), or interfacial region is possible. Dislocation substructures are currently under examination following tensile, compressive, and creep loading. The technique complements and extends the one other study in this area by Hancock.The composite examined was hot-pressed (argon atmosphere) 99.99% aluminum reinforced with 15% volume fraction stainless steel wire (0.006″ dia.).Foils were prepared so that the stainless steel wires run longitudinally in the plane of the specimen i.e. the electron beam is perpendicular to the axes of the wires. The initial step involves cutting slices ∼0.040″ in thickness on a diamond slitting wheel.

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