Stimulus intensity vs. critical periods: A test of two hypotheses concerning infantile stimulation.

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor H. Denenberg ◽  
Ned J. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Infantile Stimulation

Reflex Responses in Upper Limb Muscles to Cutaneous Stimuli

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Cutaneous Reflexes ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Conduction Velocities ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Biphasic Responses

ABSTRACT:Cutaneous reflexes in the upper limb were elicited by stimulating digital nerves and recorded by averaging rectified EMG from proximal and distal upper limb muscles during voluntary contraction. Distal muscles often showed a triphasic response: an inhibition with onset about 50 ms (Il) followed by a facilitation with onset about 60 ms (E2) followed by another inhibition with onset about 80 ms (12). Proximal muscles generally showed biphasic responses beginning with facilitation or inhibition with onset at about 40 ms. Normal ranges for the amplitude of these components were established from recordings on 22 arms of 11 healthy subjects. An attempt was made to determine the alterent fibers responsible for the various components by varying the stimulus intensity, by causing ischemic block of larger fibers and by estimating the afferent conduction velocities. The central pathways mediating these reflexes were examined by estimating central delays and by studying patients with focal lesions

Reduced stimulus intensity as a CS in GSR conditioning.

1967 ◽  
Vol 73 (4, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 631-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Champion
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity

Olfactory mucosal and neural responses in the frog

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Mark Mozell
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
Repeated Stimulation ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Electrophysiological Technique

A comparatively recent electrophysiological technique for studying peripheral olfactory events is to record sustained negative potentials from the olfactory epithelium. This method is rapidly replacing the older technique of recording multifiber discharges from the olfactory nerve or bulb. Therefore, the extent to which the results from the two methods correlate with each other was studied by simultaneously recording from the nerve and from the mucosa under several conditions. Although most often parallel, some differences between the two measures were found. Their response maxima did not always temporally coincide. Their amplitudes did not always correlate. Certain stimuli reduced subsequent mucosal responses but not the neural. Repeated stimulation sometimes produced similar differences. Finally, the two responses were not linearly related as a function of stimulus intensity or flow rate. However, for reasons discussed, it is difficult to conclude that these discrepancies necessarily reflect unfavorably upon the reliability of the mucosal potential as the criterion measure of peripheral olfactory activity. Nevertheless, the mucosal potential should not be accepted unequivocally as such a criterion measure until it is more thoroughly understood.

scholarly journals The Role of Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Nutrition in the Timing of Sexual Maturation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Hellas Cena ◽  
Corrado Regalbuto ◽  
Federica Vinci ◽  
Debora Porri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Healthy Growth

Puberty is a crucial developmental stage in the life span, necessary to achieve reproductive and somatic maturity. Timing of puberty is modulated by and responds to central neurotransmitters, hormones, and environmental factors leading to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis maturation. The connection between hormones and nutrition during critical periods of growth, like fetal life or infancy, is fundamental for metabolic adaptation response and pubertal development control and prediction. Since birth weight is an important indicator of growth estimation during fetal life, restricted prenatal growth, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small for gestational age (SGA), may impact endocrine system, affecting pubertal development. Successively, lactation along with early life optimal nutrition during infancy and childhood may be important in order to set up timing of sexual maturation and provide successful reproduction at a later time. Sexual maturation and healthy growth are also influenced by nutrition requirements and diet composition. Early nutritional surveillance and monitoring of pubertal development is recommended in all children, particularly in those at risk, such as the ones born SGA and/or IUGR, as well as in the case of sudden weight gain during infancy. Adequate macro and micronutrient intake is essential for healthy growth and sexual maturity.

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