The rate of learning measured at a single synapse.

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Shurrager ◽  
H. C. Shurrager
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Single Synapse

scholarly journals Single synapse glutamate imaging reveals multiple levels of release mode regulation in mammalian synapses

iScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 101909
Author(s):  
Zohreh Farsi ◽  
Marie Walde ◽  
Agnieszka E. Klementowicz ◽  
Foteini Paraskevopoulou ◽  
Andrew Woehler
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Single Synapse

Test for Effects of Visual and Position Cues on T-Maze Learning in Toads

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-460
Author(s):  
William A. Janes ◽  
Virginia P. Falkenberg
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Aversive Stimulus ◽  
Maze Learning ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Rate Of Learning

This research was concerned with the effects of different classes of cues on the ability of toads ( Bufo marinus) to learn an escape task, discrimination learning, in a T-maze. The cues were either a black or white brightness cue, a right or left position cue, or combinations of brightness and position cues. The toads were given a .6-mA shock until they made the correct response. Results suggested that toads are capable of learning a discrimination task based on either a position or brightness cue. However, the rate of learning was influenced by strong aversion to the white arm when escaping from an aversive stimulus. No particular preference for either brightness or position cues was found independent of this aversion.

Transfer of Training and Skill Assumptions in Tracking Tasks

1951 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Transfer ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
Tracking Tasks ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Transfer Measurement ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
The Relationship

Matched groups of subjects were used to test the learning and transfer effects that follow changes in the display, the muscular reactions and the directional relationship between stimulus and response in a tracking task. Two arrangements were compared in the relationship studies: one arrangement of the stimuli and reactions was similar, and the other was opposed to that used in many every-day skills. The familiar arrangement was easier to learn. There was high positive transfer from the unfamiliar to the familiar, and little transfer from the familiar to the unfamiliar. The physical dimensions of the display were varied to give two tasks with different stimuli. The initial learning times were equal for both tasks, and the transfer between them was high, positive, and equal. Two further tasks varied in the extent, speed and force of the required muscular movements. One task proved more difficult to learn initially, and there was greater transfer from the difficult to the easy task than from the easy to the difficult. A further experiment tested the effects of changing the difficulty of a tracking course, and it was found that learning was more rapid on the more difficult course. A difference in difficulty between two tasks, therefore, determined both the amount of transfer between them and the rate of learning the tasks. New measures were developed to test the transfer between tasks of unequal content, and the effect of such inequalities upon the rate of learning. The findings are discussed, as are their possible implications for transfer measurement and their bearing upon existing theories of transfer.

Motor Skill Acquisition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Missiuna
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Motor Skill Acquisition ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Stages Of Learning ◽  
Coordination Disorder ◽  
Effect Of Age

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) demonstrate coordination difficulties during the learning of novel motor skills; no previous studies, however, have investigated their ability to learn and then generalize a new movement. This study compared 24 young children with DCD with 24 age-matched control children (AMC) during the early stages of learning a simple aiming task. Children with DCD were found to perform more poorly than their peers on measures of acquired motor skill, and to react and move more slowly at every level of task performance. The effect of age and its relationship to practice of the task was also different within each group. The groups did not differ, however, in their rate of learning, or in the extent to which they were able to generalize the learned movement. Children with DCD sacrificed more speed than the AMC group when aiming at a small target, but the effects of amplitude and directional changes were quite similar for each group. The implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Emulation with Organic Memristive Devices of Impairment of LTP Mechanism in Neurodegenerative Disease Pathology

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Battistoni ◽  
Victor Erokhin ◽  
Salvatore Iannotta
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Artificial Neuron ◽  
Cell Network ◽  
Neuron Networks ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Common ◽  
Major Progress ◽  
Single Synapse

We explore and demonstrate the extension of the synapse-mimicking properties of memristive devices to a dysfunctional synapse as it occurs in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. The ability of memristive devices to reproduce synapse properties such as LTP, LTD, and STDP has been already widely demonstrated, and moreover, they were used for developing artificial neuron networks (perceptrons) able to simulate the information transmission in a cell network. However, a major progress would be to extend the common sense of neuromorphic device even to the case of dysfunction of natural synapses. Can memristors efficiently simulate them? We provide here evidences of the ability of emulating the dysfunctional synaptic behavior typical of the AD pathology with organic memristive devices considering the effect of the disease not only on a single synapse but also in the case of a neural network, composed by numerous synapses.

scholarly journals Relating Neurochemical Changes Associated with THC Use to Learning and Memory in Adolescent Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ryan William Johnstone Steel
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Adolescent Rats ◽  
Neurochemical Changes ◽  
Newborn Neurons ◽  
Neurochemical Correlates

<p>Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to the effects of cannabis, and alarmingly, adolescence is also a period of heavy cannabis use. However, few studies have investigated the cognitive effects of cannabis use in adolescents specifically. Furthermore, the neurochemical correlates of cognitive impairment associated with cannabis use at any age have received very little experimental attention. This research project sought to address these shortcomings in the literature using THC, the major psychoactive component of cannabis, and a rat model of adolescence. The rate of learning was slower in THC-treated animals, and this was attributable to deficits in the cognitive function of 'chunking', a process by which the information capacity of short-term memory is enlarged. Impairment of chunking by cannabinoids has not been previously reported. Behavioural impairment by THC was associated with impaired hippocampal plasticity, including changes in synaptic activity and architecture, as well as changes in neurogenesis. The attenuation of structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus in response to training in a learning task was more pronounced than the subtle effects of THC-treatment on the survival and early development of newborn neurons. Importantly, no effects of THC were seen in animals not trained in the maze. Thus, plasticity is more sensitive to the effects of THC during times of learning, and this greater sensitivity likely accounts for the behavioural impairment associated with cannabis use. The data presented in this thesis add significantly to the existing literature by identifying novel behavioural and neurochemical processes by which cannabis use may impair learning and memory. Whether these impairments represent a greater sensitivity of adolescents to THC remains to be determined.</p>

scholarly journals Acquisition of a precision walking skill and the impact of proprioceptive deficits in people with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda E. Chisholm ◽  
Taha Qaiser ◽  
Alison M. M. Williams ◽  
Gevorg Eginyan ◽  
Tania Lam
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
The Impact

Many people with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury (m-iSCI) experience difficulty navigating obstacles, such as curbs and stairs. The ability to relearn walking skills may be limited by proprioceptive deficits. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of participants to acquire a precision walking skill, and to evaluate the influence of proprioceptive deficits on the skill acquisition in individuals with m-iSCI. Sixteen individuals with m-iSCI and eight controls performed a precision walking task that required matching their foot height to a target during the swing phase. Proprioceptive deficits were quantified at the hip and knee for joint position and movement detection sense. Participants completed 600 steps of training with visual feedback. Pretraining and posttraining tests were conducted without visual feedback, along with a transfer test with an ankle weight. Posttraining and transfer tests were repeated 1 day later. Participants returned to the laboratory 1 wk later to repeat the training. Performance was calculated as the vertical distance between the target and actual foot height for each step. The posttraining and transfer performances were similar between groups. However, participants with m-iSCI had a slower rate of acquisition to achieve a similar performance level compared with controls. Acquisition rate and posttraining performance of the precision walking task were related to lower limb joint position sense among SCI participants. Although they can achieve a similar level of performance in a precision walking task, proprioceptive deficits impair the rate of learning among individuals with m-iSCI compared with able-bodied controls. NEW & NOTEWORTHY People with motor-incomplete spinal cord injuries are able to achieve the same level of performance accuracy on a precision walking task as able-bodied controls; however, the rate of learning is slower, indicating that more practice is required to stabilize performance. Our findings also show a relationship between impaired sensory function and reduced accuracy when performing a precision walking task after spinal cord injury.

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