Forward conditioning, backward conditioning, pseudoconditioning, and adaptation to the conditioned stimulus.

1941 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Forward Conditioning ◽  
Backward Conditioning

Covert Sensitization as a Treatment for Weight Control

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 971-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis B. Sachs ◽  
Gilbert L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Forward Conditioning ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
Opposite Sequence ◽  
Learning Factors

Factors responsible for the success of covert sensitization were investigated with regard to effectiveness in initiating an aversion toward selected foods. 5 volunteers first were given forward-conditioning, then backward-conditioning trials using Cautela's covert sensitization procedures, and 5 Ss were given the opposite sequence. Conditions were then reversed allowing each S to serve as his own control. Significant reductions were found for all Ss in the intake of selected foods but no differential effect was found for the two conditioning procedures. This study supported the efficacy of using the rehearsal of an aversive scene to reduce food intake but suggests that motivational rather than learning factors may account for the results.

Overshadowing of subsequent events and recovery thereafter

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (2b) ◽  
pp. 149-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Burger ◽  
Haney Mallemat ◽  
Ralph R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Forward Conditioning ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Express Information ◽  
Lick Suppression ◽  
Relationship Of

Four experiments using a conditioned lick suppression preparation with rats were conducted to examine whether overshadowing of subsequent events could be obtained in Pavlovian backward conditioning (i.e. unconditioned stimulus [US] before conditioned stimulus [CS]), and to determine whether such overshadowing could be reversed without further training with the overshadowed CS, as has been reported in overshadowing of antecedent events. In Experiment 1, a backward-conditioned CS overshadowed a second backward-conditioned CS. Two posttraining manipulations, extinction of the overshadowing CS (Experiment 2) and shifting of the temporal relationship of the overshadowing CS to the US (Experiment 3), increased responding to the overshadowed CS. These results constitute the first unambiguous demonstration of stimulus competition between subsequent events using first-order conditioning, and they show that, like overshadowing with forward conditioning, such overshadowing is due, at least in part if not completely, to a failure to express information that had been acquired.

Simple Method for CER Conditioning and Measurement

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell C. Leaf ◽  
Stanley A. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Forward Conditioning ◽  
Rapid Technique ◽  
Water Drinking ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
Control Procedures

The effect of Pavlovian fear CSs on water drinking by thirsty rats was studied after fear conditioning with several procedures. Forward conditioning produced typical CER suppression of drinkometer-recorded licking, but backward conditioning and other Pavlovian control procedures did not. Effective CER suppression was demonstrated after 4 conditioning trials with a 1-trial test procedure. This is apparently the most simple and rapid technique available for evaluating CER suppression of ongoing responding.

Factors Influencing Electrophysiologic Responsivity in Normal Adults

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347
Author(s):  
Robert Goldstein ◽  
Benjamin RosenblÜt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
White Light ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Electrodermal Responses ◽  
Normal Adults

Electrodermal and electroencephalic responsivity to sound and to light was studied in 96 normal-hearing adults in three separate sessions. The subjects were subdivided into equal groups of white men, white women, colored men, and colored women. A 1 000 cps pure tone was the conditioned stimulus in two sessions and white light was used in a third session. Heat was the unconditioned stimulus in all sessions. Previously, an inverse relation had been found in white men between the prominence of alpha rhythm in the EEG and the ease with which electrodermal responses could be elicited. This relation did not hold true for white women. The main purpose of the present study was to answer the following questions: (1) are the previous findings on white subjects applicable to colored subjects? (2) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive electrophysiologically on one day equally responsive (or unresponsive) on another day? and (3) are subjects who are most (or least) responsive to sound equally responsive (or unresponsive) to light? In general, each question was answered affirmatively. Other factors influencing responsivity were also studied.

“Paint It Black”

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oulmann Zerhouni ◽  
Johan Lepage
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
Difficulties In Emotion Regulation

Abstract. The present study is a first attempt to link self-reported difficulties in everyday emotion regulation (ER) with evaluative conditioning (EC). We conducted a within-subject study in which participants (n = 90) filled the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and were exposed to neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with mildly or highly arousing negative unconditioned stimuli (USs) and positive USs. Participants then filled a contingency awareness measure. Results showed (i) that CSs paired with highly arousing negative USs were more negatively evaluated, (ii) that the EC effect with highly and mildly arousing negative USs was stronger among participants with greater self-reported difficulties in everyday ER. Moreover, participants were more likely to be aware of the CS-US contingencies with highly (vs. mildly) arousing negative USs. Implications for the understanding of maladaptive behaviors and for future directions in EC research are discussed.

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