Motivational structure of an hospitalized mental defective.

1961 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Shotwell ◽  
John R. Hurley ◽  
Raymond B. Cattell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Defective ◽  
Motivational Structure

Development of the L2 Motivational Self System: English at a University in Japan

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Aubrey
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
English Language ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Japanese Learners Of English ◽  
L2 Motivation ◽  
L2 Motivational Self System ◽  
Motivational Structure ◽  
International Posture ◽  
Japanese Learners ◽  
Self System

This paper reports on a study investigating changes in L2 motivation for Japanese learners of English as they completed their first communicative English language course at university. I aim to describe the strength and structure of students’ motivation and the degree to which these changed over one semester. A 36-item questionnaire was used to measure components of the L2 Motivational Self System and International Posture. The questionnaire was administered twice to 202 second-year university students in Japan: during the first week of the semester and 11 weeks later. Structural equation models were created to describe the causal relationships between motivational variables for the two time periods. Paired t tests revealed that both motivated learning behavior and ought-to L2 self significantly increased over the semester. A comparison of the two models indicated that there was a change in the motivational structure from Week 1 to Week 12. 本研究は、英語学習者の動機づけの強さと構造、及びその変化に焦点をあて、日本人大学生の外国語（L2）に対する動機づけの変化を調査した。大学で最初に履修するコミュニケーション英語の授業を対象に、第2言語習得を動機づける自己システム（L2 Motivational Self System）と国際志向性の2側面を測定する36項目からなる質問紙を作成し、2年生202名に対して授業第1週目とその11週間後に調査を実施した。分析は、まず構造方程式モデリングで2回の調査間の動機づけの変化を分析し、それに基づき対応のあるt検定を実施した。分析の結果、動機づけの高い学習行動と義務自己ought-to selfに関する数値が1学期を通して向上したことが明らかになった。

scholarly journals Scientific Trust, Risk Assessment, and Conspiracy Beliefs about COVID-19 - Four Patterns of Consensus and Disagreement between Scientific Experts and the German Public

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Rothmund ◽  
Fahima Farkhari ◽  
Flavio Azevedo ◽  
Carolin-Theresa Ziemer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
General Public ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Motivational Structure

We investigated laypersons’ agreement with technical claims about the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 virus and with claims about the risk from COVID-19 in the general public in Germany (N = 1,575) and compared these with the evaluations of scientific experts (N = 128). Using Latent Class Analysis, we distinguished four segments in the general public. Two groups (mainstream and cautious, 73%) are generally consistent with scientific experts in their evaluations. Two groups (doubters and deniers, 27%) differ distinctively from expert evaluations and tend to believe in conspiracies about COVID-19. Deniers (8%) are characterized by low risk assessments, anti-elitist sentiments and low compliance with containment measures. Doubters (19%) are characterized by general uncertainty in the distinction between true and false claims and by low scientific literacy in terms of cognitive ability and style. Our research indicates that conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 cannot be linked to a single and distinct motivational structure.

scholarly journals The influence of social factors on the development of the motivational sphere of student youth

2021 ◽  
pp. 168-180
Author(s):  
Lada Yakovytska
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Productive Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Motivational Structure ◽  
Motivational Profile ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the analysis and empirical study of the most promising developmental tasks of the modern educational environment for the development of new approaches to the organization and psychological support of the development of a person's productive activity. These tasks clearly demonstrate the relationship between the motivational sphere of the individual and the social environment, the effectiveness of the influence of social factors on the development of the individual, the importance of studying their hierarchization according to the degree of influence. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the study of the possibility of a targeted impact through social factors, norms, requirements on the motivational-need sphere of a developing personality will allow to determine to a large extent, the direction of its development. Our research is based on the assumption that the analysis of the motivational profile will allow us to understand how student youth comes to the realization of the need to coordinate the goals, requirements, wishes of the external environment with their own motivation. The aim of the study was to study the influence of the individual's objective attitudes on the structure of professional activity motives. To solve the set tasks, the following methods were used: the motivational profile of S. Ritchie and P. Martin, the test "20 statements". The results obtained by the method of S. Ritchie and P. Martin confirmed our hypothetical assumption, the respondents predominantly chose the objective components of the motivational structure, which were substantively related to the social expectations of the subjects (from society to themselves). The results obtained confirmed the prospects of studying the influence of social factors on the development of the motivational-need-related sphere of the individual. The analysis of social factors makes it possible to study and model the conditions that contribute to the rethinking of the actual situation by the individual and the creation of new meanings of activity that provide for a wider non-utilitarian social context that goes beyond the current situation.

scholarly journals Endogena korupcija kao ravnoteza sekvencijalne igre

2003 ◽  
Vol 44 (156) ◽  
pp. 21-43
Author(s):  
Milic Milovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Perfect Information ◽  
Equilibrium Strategy ◽  
Backward Induction ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
Extensive Form ◽  
Sequential Game ◽  
Privatized Firms ◽  
Motivational Structure ◽  
Insider Privatization

In this paper power struggle over the control of an insider privatized firm is modeled as a sequential game with perfect information. The endogenous corruption is a consequence of an insider privatization plan, where employees obtain majority of shares. In the post privatization game three players are dominant: managers, employees, and outside owners. Managers are by far the strongest player, with their key position in privatized firms despite their minority ownership stake. Since managers control working conditions of employees-cum-owners, they exercise an unparalleled power. Motivational structure is given for each player. Their ranked lists of goals and fears are necessary in order to specify parameters for the model. The game is modeled in an extensive form, and backward induction suggests a coalition of insiders (managers and employees) against the interests of outsiders. Under stated conditions, the equilibrium strategy results in an endogenous corruption.

Psychoses in Adult Mental Defectives: I. Manic Depressive Psychosis

1972 ◽  
Vol 120 (555) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Mental Defective ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Dementia Praecox ◽  
Melancholic Depression ◽  
Manic Depressive Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Clear Cases ◽  
Mental Defectives

Hurd in 1888 described cases of mania, melancholia, folie circulaire and attempted suicide in mental defectives. Ireland in 1898 described three ‘imbecile lunatics’ who were ‘clear cases of melancholia’, and quoted an earlier physician, Wells, who in 1845 had seen ‘attacks of mania in cretins, as well as a peculiar suicidal form of this affliction, which prompts the wretched maniac to attempt self-destruction by throwing himself into the fire’. Clouston (1883) considered that ‘congenital imbeciles may have attacks of maniacal excitement or of melancholic depression—in fact are subject to them’. Kraepelin (1896, 1902) took the view that ‘imbecility may form the basis for the development of other psychoses such as manic-depressive insanity, the psychoses of involution and dementia praecox’. Gordon (1918) stated that mental defectives suffering from depression rarely express ideas of guilt or thoughts of suicide; manics lacked ‘quickness of comprehension of wit or humour or sarcasm’. He noted that depression was more common than mania and that recurrences tended to run true to type. Prideaux (1921) accepted that manic-depressive psychosis could occur in high-grade mental defectives, and drew attention to the increased incidence of conversion hysteria in patients of low intelligence. Medow (1925) observed that mental defectives could manifest all the types of mental illness seen in people of normal intelligence but in the defective mental illness had a silly, fantastic, nonsensical colouring. Neustadt (1928) put forward the view that the typical psychoses of the mental defective were acute episodic states of excitement.

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